HSNC UNIVERSITY, MUMBAI

KISHINCHAND CHELLARAM COLLEGE, CHURCHGATE, MUMBAI

DEPT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

F.Y.B.Sc Computer Science

Semester – II
Academic Year – 2020-21
Calculus (US-FCS-205)
Faculty In-charge: Mr. Sujit Chavan
Presentation on Self Learning Topics by:

Group Number 7 Date and Time of Presentation

19th May 2021
Student Roll No. Name of the Student Student Roll No. Name of the Student
36 Yash Mahadik 41 Afza Mukaddam
38 Masrita Mangalarapu 42 Firdaus Mulla
39 Simran Nair 43 Rehan Mulla
40 Moinuddin Mansuri 44 Nithin Narayanankutty
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 A differential equation is an
equation which contains one or
more terms and the derivatives of
one variable (i.e., dependent
variable) with respect to the other
variable (i.e., independent variable).
 Example: dy/dx = f(x)
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. First order & first degree of differential equation

2. Variable separable form

3. Variable separable form by substitution

4. Homogeneous Differential Equations and Non-homogenous Differential Equations

5. Exact Differential Equation

6. Linear Differential Equations and Non-linear differential equations

7. Bernoulli's Differential Equation

SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 There exist two methods to find the solution of the differential equation.

Separation of variables
 Separation of the variable is done when the differential equation can be written in the form of
dy/dx = f(y)g(x) where f is the function of y only and g is the function of x only.
dy/dx = f(y)g(x)
Integrating factor
 Integrating factor technique is used when the differential equation is of the form dy/dx + p(x)y
= q(x) where p and q are both the functions of x only.
dy/dx + p(x)y = q(x)
FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE OF A DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

 The order of a differential equation is

determined by the highest-order derivative;
the degree is determined by the highest
power on a variable.
 The degree of a differential equation is the
power of its highest derivative, after the
equation has been made rational and
integral in all of its derivatives.
VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM

 If the coefficient of dx is only a function of x and coefficient of dy is only a function of y in the

given differential equation, then we can separate both dx and dy terms and integrate both
separately. And the general form for this method is
f(x) dx+ g(y) dy = 0.
 To solve a differential equation using separation of variables, we must be able to bring it to
the form f(x) dx+ g(y) dy = 0 where f(x) is an expression that does not contain y and g(y) does
not contain x.
EXAMPLES – VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM

2y dy = (x2+ 1) dx
APPLICATIONS – VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM

 Solution concentrations
 Newton’s law of cooling
VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM BY SUBSTITUTION

 A differential equation of the first order cannot be solved directly by variable separable
method. But by some substitution, we can reduce it to a differential equation with a separable
variable. Let the differential equation be of the form

 Can be reduced to variable separable form by the substitution ax + by + c = Z.

EXAMPLES – VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM BY
SUBSTITUTION

 We use substitution [(x+y)=v]:

APPLICATIONS – VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM BY
SUBSTITUTION

 RL Circuit Application
 Skydiver’s Terminal Velocity
HOMOGENEOUS AND NON-HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 Homogeneous differential equations involve only derivatives of y and terms involving y, and
they are set to 0.
 Nonhomogeneous differential equations are the same as homogeneous differential equations,
except they can have terms involving only x (and constants) on the right side.
EXAMPLES – HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLES – NON-HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
APPLICATIONS – HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

 Barometric pressure variation with altitude

 Discharge of a capacitor
EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 The equation P (x,y) dx + Q (x,y) dy=0 is an exact differential equation if there exists a
function f of two variables x and y having continuous partial derivatives such that the exact
differential equation definition is separated as follows

 Therefore, the general solution of the equation is u(x,y) = C.

TESTING FOR EXACTNESS – EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

 Assume the functions P(x, y) and Q(x, y) having the continuous partial derivatives in a
particular domain D, and the differential equation is exact if and only if it satisfies the
condition
EXAMPLES – EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
APPLICATIONS – EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 Changes in the volume mixture of a tank

LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 A linear differential equation is defined by the linear polynomial equation, which consists of
derivatives of several variables.
 When an equation is not linear in an unknown function and its derivatives, then it is said to
be a nonlinear differential equation.
SOLVING LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SOLVING FIRST ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 where p(x) and q(x) are continuous functions on the interval and n is a real number.
 Differential equations in this form are called Bernoulli Equations.
EXAMPLES – BERNOULLI’S DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
SECOND-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 The equation which includes second-order derivative is the second-order differential equation.
It is represented as
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 Differential equations describe various exponential growths and decays.

 They are also used to describe the change in return on investment over time.
 They are used in the field of medical science for modelling cancer growth or the spread of
disease in the body.
REFERENCES

 https://byjus.com/maths/how-to-solve-linear-differential-equation/
 https://byjus.com/maths/differential-equation/
 https://byjus.com/maths/differential-equation-and-its-degree/
 https://blog.myrank.co.in/differential-equations-reducible-to-variable-separable-method/
 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/de/bernoulli.aspx
 https://www.dummies.com/education/math/trigonometry/defining-homogeneous-and-nonh
omogeneous-differential-equations/
 https://www.math24.net/exact-differential-equations
THANK YOU!