Electrical Services RAR-406

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 APEEJAY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE &
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 Module-1 Electrical
• Introduction –
• Terminology and architectural symbols (as per NBC/NEC)
for electric installations in buildings. Need to generate and
save electricity, transmission and distribution of electricity
(single and three phases), procuring service connection.
• Familiarization to various lighting accessories, wires and
cables, metering, distribution panels / boards etc. for
single and three phase supply. Guidelines for installation of
fittings.

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 • Design of simple electrical circuits – Introduction to simple light and fan
circuits. System of connection of appliances and accessories e.g. series and
parallel connection, joint box system, looping-in system.
• Systems of wiring – Basic considerations. Various types of internal wiring
systems e.g. cleat, casing and capping, batten and conduit (surface &
concealed).
• Protection of electrical installation and human life – Basic considerations.
Protection against excess current, short circuit earth fault and protection
against electric shock. Introduction to various types of protection devices
e.g. switches, fuses and circuit breakers. Need for earthing of domestic
fittings and appliances, earthing and its relation with soil resistivity, earth
electrodes, earth wires. Load assessment and selection of appropriate cross
section of the conductor.

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 What Are Electric Symbols?
• An electronic symbol is a pictogram used
to represent various electrical and
electronic devices (such as wires,
batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a
schematic diagram of an electrical or
electronic circuit.

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 Standards For Symbols
• There are several national and international standards for
graphical symbols in circuit diagrams, in particular: • IEC 60617
(also known as British Standard BS 3939)
• IEEE Std 91/91a
• ANSI standard Y32 (also known as IEEE Std 315)
• Australian Standard AS 1102 Different symbols may be used
depending on the discipline using the drawing. For example,
lighting and power symbols used as part of architectural drawings
may be different from symbols for devices used in electronics.
National and local variations to international standards also exist. 3

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 Need to generate and save electricity

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 Need to generate and save electricity

• How is electricity generated? To generate electricity

out of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and
petroleum, they are burned and used to evaporate
large amounts of water to create high pressure
steam that powers a steam turbine, transforming
the extracted thermal energy into mechanical work.
• By connecting a mechanical generator to the
turbine's drive shaft, the mechanical work can be
converted into electric energy.
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 Why do I have to save electricity?
• The majority of our electricity production is
based on fossil fuels.
• As these are non-renewable and limited
sources of energy on earth, we must
consume electricity in a conscientious and
sustainable way in order to ensure our
energy supply in the long term - for ourselves
but also for future generations.
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 • In Addition, the need of electricity is growing
since it has become essential for so many
appliances that we use constantly all over the
day such as lights, fans and a/c’s, televisions,
computers, mobile phones and many more.
• Reducing our energy consumption, thus, will
also help us to handle the growing need of
electricity in our modern India.
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 • But most importantly, the combustion of
fossil fuels, which is necessary to generate
electricity out of them, emits large
amounts of hazardous gases such as
carbon dioxides and sulfur dioxides.

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 • Those pollute our environment in many ways
so that humans, animals and plants are
equally harmed.
• For example, devastating ‘acid rain’ occurs
mainly due to gases emitted by the fossil fuel
based generation of electricity.
• Other emitted gases, foremost CO2, foster the
well-known ‘green house effect’.
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 • This results in a rise of the world’s
temperature, the so-called ‘global warming’,
which can harmfully affect everything and
everyone on our globe.
• Saving electricity will reduce these negative
impacts.
• Moreover, the process of generating electricity
from fossil fuels is very ineffective.
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 • It causes a loss in production and transmission of
more than 60% of the original amount of energy in
the fossil fuel.
• But conversely, this means that 1 unit energy from
electricity saved by us is equivalent to 3 saved units
energy from fossil fuels, when we take in account
these mentioned losses.
• Hence, even a small amount of saved electricity can
have a large positive impact on your environment.
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 Electricity generation
• lectricity generation is the process of
generating electric power from sources of
primary energy. For utilities in the
electric power industry, it is the stage prior
to its delivery (transmission, distribution,
etc.) to end users or its storage (using, for
example, the pumped-storage method).

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 Electricity generation
• Electricity is not freely available in nature, so it must be
"produced" (that is, transforming other forms of energy to
electricity).
• Production is carried out in power stations (also called "power
plants").
• Electricity is most often generated at a power plant by
electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines
fueled by combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means
such as the kinetic energy of flowing water and wind.
• Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal
power.

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 Methods of electricity generation
• Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms
of energy into electrical energy.
• Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating electric
generators or by photovoltaic systems.
• A small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities
is provided by batteries.
• Other forms of electricity generation used in niche
applications include the triboelectric effect, the
piezoelectric effect, the thermoelectric effect, and
betavoltaics.
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 Methods of generation

• Several fundamental methods exist to convert other forms

of energy into electrical energy.
• Utility-scale generation is achieved by rotating electric
generators or by photovoltaic systems.
• A small proportion of electric power distributed by utilities
is provided by batteries.
• Other forms of electricity generation used in niche
applications include the triboelectric effect, the
piezoelectric effect, the thermoelectric effect, and
betavoltaics.
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 Electricity Transmission

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 Electricity Transmission

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 Electricity Transmission
• Electricity is produced by generators at around 25,000
volts.  
• 25,000 is not enough power to send it long distances
though so the electricity first passes through a
transformer at the power station, that boosts the
voltage up to 275,000 or 400,000 volts.  
• When electricity travels long distances it is better to
do at high voltage in order to transfer it efficiently.  

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 • Electricity from the grid is way to much
for homes and businesses to handle.  
• So the high voltage transmission lines
carry it long distances to maintain the
power.  
• The power lines then travels to
substations near homes and factories.
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 • Substations reduce the high voltage to
about 132,000 volts before it is sent out
into the network.

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 References:
• https://
www.electricaltechnology.org/2015/09/types-of-wirin
g-systems-electrical-wiring-methods.html
• http://
www.electricalaxis.com/2016/10/basic-safety-provisio
n-for-electrical.html
• https://eepower.com/technical-articles/what-are-over
current-protection-devices
/#
• https://cselectric.co.in/blog/difference-mcb-mccb-rccb
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