PRESENTAION

ON

LUSAS CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL

SOFTWARE
BY
OLUKOTUN NATHANIEL .O.
(96/O46621)
CVE 656(COMPUTER APPLICATION IN CIVIL
 LUSAS Civil & Structural is used throughout the
world by engineers in the Construction Industry
for all types of civil and structural design. It is
available in three levels - Civil & Structural LT,
Civil & Structural , and Civil & Structural Plus. 
 It has a Windows User Interface, modelling
wizards, comprehensive loading facilities, and
Basic and Smart Combination facilities to
provide for easy and rapid model generation,
load application, and generation of results. 
ADVANTAGES

 It reduces the amount of time you spend on analysis

 It gives you a better understanding of the behaviour
of your structure
 It helps you to improve and optimise your design
 The Windows User Interface, modelling
wizards, comprehensive material libraries and
Smart Combinations provide for easy and
rapid model generation, load application, and
generation of results.
 The technology actively supports and encourages
innovation helping engineers rise to the ever
increasing challenge of aesthetic design and
unusual structures.
 The underlying finite element technology
enables the true behaviour of structures to
be accurately modelled for either global
analyses of complete structures or local
analyses of parts of structures such as a
complex connection detail.
AREAS OF USUAGE

LUSAS tackles all types of structures, from

simple slabs, building frames, masts, towers and

tanks through to heavy civil engineering

structures such as cooling towers, dams, docks

and tunnels, It provides a complete solution.

USES

For global analysis of all types of structures...

 Simple / Complex Slabs
 Building frames
 Masts and Towers
 Grandstands / Stadia
 Storage Tanks / Silos
 Space Frame Roofs
 Cooling Towers
 Dams, Docks and Tunnels
 For local analysis
 Plate girder buckling
 U-Frame action
 Local analysis of welds
 Solid modelling of box diaphragms
 Ultimate load analysis
 Fatigue analysis of structural components
Case Study 1
Spinnaker Tower

 Tallest public viewing tower in the UK on completion

 Concrete, steel and composite construction
 Category III check using LUSAS static, dynamic and
nonlinear analysis
 The Spinnaker Tower is a £35million, UK Millennium
Commission sponsored project aimed at transforming
the waterfront of Portsmouth and Gosport. It forms the
focal point of a £200M regeneration of the Portsmouth
Harbour area and adds a new international landmark to
the South Coast of Britain. 
Spinnaker Tower, PORTSMOUTH,UK
 OVERVIEW

Tower Construction Stages

Spinnaker Tower is a concrete, steel and
composite structure that rises 170m from the sea
adjacent to Gunwharf Quays. It has three tourist
viewing platforms at heights of 100, 105 and
110m that offer extensive views over Portsmouth
harbour and beyond.
It is constructed upon a 3m thick pile cap and
founded on 84 piles, and comprises two inclined
slip-formed hexagonal concrete shafts, of 6m
across, which merge into a single shaft at 70m.
One shaft contains an internal express lift and
the other shaft carries a panoramic external lift
up the seaward face. 
MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

Static, nonlinear and dynamic analysis were all

employed to analyse the model of the Spinnaker
Tower in LUSAS. Ship impact, wind dynamics,
wind-induced fatigue and the consideration of
human perception of wind-induced movements at
observation deck level all needed to be assessed in
the design check. To do this, a model of thick beam
and thick shell elements was created and used as a
basis for the three distinct analyses that were
carried out. In doing this the arbitrary section
property calculator built into LUSAS was
particularly helpful in deriving the section
properties required for the varying cross sections
of the concrete towers and of the steel bows, and
helped to speed-up the building of the model
Load cases analysed included self-weight, dead loads,
live loads, wind loads and various temperature
differentials. Building services loads were generally
applied as uniformly distributed loads, with major
equipment applied as point loads. Wind tunnel testing
provided the wind forces to apply to the model.
Differential temperature loadings requiring detailed
investigation included variations with respect to the
assumed erection temperature, differing
temperatures of each leg and for opposing faces of
each leg, as well as differing internal and external
temperatures for the mast and for the viewing areas.
Long term creep and shrinkage was also investigated.
VIEWING PLATFORMS

The tower provides three high-level trapezoidal viewing

platforms that vary in size from 18m x 14m down to 12m
x 4.7m for the highest open deck. A grid of I-section steel
beams span between the concrete tower, steel bows and
frontal rib beams at each level to support the 150mm
thick concrete floor slabs. Each platform was designed
as a composite deck with vertical vibration from crowd
loading considered as part of the design check.
CASE STUDY 2

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ABOVE-GROUND FULL

CONTAINMENT LNG STORAGE TANKS

 Development of the world's largest ground LNG tank

 Static, dynamic, thermal and nonlinear analysis
 Strict design requirements met
LUSAS Civil & Structural software help develop
and continually improve its range of above
ground full containment Liquefied Natural Gas
tanks.
LNG storage tank sizes of 140,000m3 were
initially developed but now, using LUSAS Civil &
Structural, an ground full containment LNG
tank with a capacity of 200,000m3 was
analysed and optimised.
ANALYSES UNDERTAKEN

In analysing and developing range of tanks, numerous

finite element analyses were done with LUSAS including:
 Static analysis
 Wind loading
 Modal and seismic analysis
 Temperature modelling
 Leakage modelling
 Pre-stress / post-tensioning
 Burn-out modelling
 Relief valve heat flux modelling
 Soil-structure interaction
 STATIC ANALYSIS

For static analysis, 2D axis symmetric solid element

and 3D shell element models are built and numerous
static linear analysis load cases are defined for
various parts of the structure with the roof, the walls,
the base slab etc being loaded independently. Load
combinations then allow the effects of the multiple
load cases to be assessed.
MODAL ANALYSIS

 3D shell element modelling and eigen value

analysis of the LNG tank outer shells and
pressure relief platforms involves an examination
of both the uncoupled and coupled response of
the two structures. Lumped mass modelling is
used for fluid/structure interaction of the LNG
and for soil/structure interaction of the pile
arrangements.
WIND LOAD MODELLING

3D shell element modelling is used to carry out wind load

analysis of the LNG tank outer shell. For this analysis, half-
models can often be used due symmetry of both tank
geometry and loading. The wind load is varied around the
circumference of the outer walls using a Fourier distribution
providing a normal pressure on the forward face of the
structure and a suction to the rear face.
SEISMIC ANALYSIS

Interactive Modal Dynamics techniques are

used in the calculation of the dynamic
seismic response. Operational Basis
Earthquake (OBE) and Safe Shutdown
Earthquake analysis assessments are also run
to satisfy code requirements. The generated
data from the structural analysis is integrated
to obtain base shear forces and bending
moments in the wall.
THERMAL MODELLING

For thermal modelling, 2D axisymmetric solid field

and continuum elements are used and a semi-
coupled steady state thermal analyses of LNG
tank outer walls with insulation is performed. For
this, an initial stress-free temperature is applied to
all elements, and combinations of environmental
conditions are considered for both the air and base
temperatures. Results plots of hoop stresses in the
top and bottom corners caused by a steady state
thermal load are produced.
 LEAKAGE MODELLING

Leakage modelling analysis investigates the

effect of LNG spillage from the inner steel tank
onto the Polyurethane Foam (PUF) insulation
on the inside of the outer concrete tank at five
different heights. The tank insulation is
assumed to have been completely destroyed
up to each level of the LNG under
consideration. 2D axisymmetric solid field and
continuum elements are used to model the
tank outer walls and insulation down to the top
of each leakage level. A semi-coupled steady
state thermal analysis is carried out to assess
the effects of the leakage
MODELLING PRE-STRESS TENSIONING

Large temporary openings in the wall

mean that it is necessary to limit the
effects of stress concentration caused by
pre-stress forces. Loadings for each set of
cables, both horizontally and vertically,
are defined and assigned in separate load
cases. These loadings can then be
combined in different ways to achieve the
required pre-stress sequence and/or
loading pattern. Section slicing of the
model is used to obtain axial forces and
bending moments in the walls around the
opening for selected load combinations.
 BURN-OUT MODELLING

Modelling of a burn-out scenario involves 2D

axisymmetric solid field elements and transient thermal
analyses of the LNG tank outer walls. The tank roof and
insulation layers (except any PUF layer), are assumed to
have been destroyed, and are not included in the
analysis. Steady state conditions are initially applied for
a specified time. To model the burn-out situation, a
temperature load of a specified peak temperature
reducing to -170°C over a distance of 1.5m is moved
down the inside of the tank at a constant speed for the
burn-out time under consideration.
 Relief valve heat flux modelling

 With relief valve heat flux modelling, the tank

bases are normally excluded from an analysis
because they are considered to be remote from
the heat flux loading. 3D solid field and continuum
elements are used for a semi-coupled transient
thermal analyses of a segment of an LNG tank. 
 An initial stress-free temperature is applied to all
elements and steady state conditions are
established for an internal temperature of –170°C
and a specified mean annual external
temperature. A heat flux is then be applied to a
specified region on the top of the roof for the
number of time steps under consideration.
 
 CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION

From the results of the various LUSAS analyses it was

shown that, despite its uniqueness and the use of
different construction materials, the tower essentially
behaves as a static/simple structure - results from the
nonlinear models matched very closely the results from
the slightly less well defined static model.
It can be deduced based on the case studies that LUSAS
CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL Software is very efficient in
structural analysis and design and therefore highly
recommended for all types of civil and structural design.