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Singkat Mikro Pie
Singkat Mikro Pie
Principles of
Economics:
Microeconomics
Subarna Tirtakusumah
Lektor Kepala Ilmu Ekonomi
Economics Text-Books
Samuelson, Paul A and William D.
Nordhaus, Economics, 18th Edition,
2005.
Mankiw, N. Gregory, Principles of
Economics, 3rd Edition, 2004.
Etc.
CONTENTS BEFORE MID TEST
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS 5
2. SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND PRODUCT MARKETS
19
3. ELASTICITY ANALYSIS 35
4. CONSUMERS BEHAVIOR THEORY 53
5. PRODUCTION & COSTS THEORY 67
6. MARKET STRUCTURES: PERFECTLY
COMPETITION 90
7. MARKET STRUCTURES: IMPERFECTLY
COMPETITION 110
8. MID T E S T
CONTENTS AFTER MID TEST
1. MACROECONOMICS: PROBLEMS,
OBJECTIVES, POLICIES, AND MEASURES
2. AGGREGATE DEMAND, AGGREGATE SUPPLY
CONSUMTION, AND INVESTMENT,
3. MULTIPLIER MODEL AND FISCAL POLICY
4. MONEY MARKET, CENTRAL BANK AND
MONETERY POLICY
5. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
6. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL & OPEN
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
7. UNEMPLOYMENT, INFLATION AND
ECONOMIC POLICIES
8. FINAL TEST
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS
• Economics: Scarcity, Economic Goods and
Efficiency; Microeconomics and
Macroeconomics
• The Three Problems Of Economic
Organization
• Inputs And Outputs: The Production-
possibility Frontier
• Market, Command, and Mixed Economies
• Trade, Money, and Capital
• Failure of Market Economy
• Government’s Economic Role
ECONOMICS
is the study of how societies
use scarce resources
to produce
valuable commodities
and distribute them
among different people.
INTI ILMU EKONOMI
SCARCITY
ECONOMIC GOODS
EFFICIENCY
PERBEDAAN MICROECONOMICS
DENGAN MACROECONOMICS
MICROECONOMICS MACROECONOMICS
.
- A
. .
15
Possibi- Butter (mi- Guns 14 - B PPF/PPC
llions of (thou- -
lities
pounds) sands)
13
12 -
-
. C . H
Guns (thousands)
A 0 15 11
-
B 1 14
10
9 - . D
8 -
-
C
D
2
3
12
9
7
6 - . G
. E
5 -
4 -
E 4 5 3 -
2 -
F 5 0 1
0
-
- . F
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0 1 2 3 4 5
Butter (millions of pounds)
Economic Growth
Shifts the PPF Outward
a. Poor Nation b. High-Income Nation
L L
Luxuries (cars, stereos,…)
. A . A
O F O F
Necessities (food, …) Necessities (food, …)
Choose Between Public Goods
and Private Goods
a. Frontier Society b. Urban Society
Pu Pu
Public Goods (Highways,…)
. A . A
O Pr O Pr
Private Goods (food,…) Private Goods (food, …)
The Three Problems Of
Economic Organization
• What ?
Apa yang akan diproduksi dan dalam jumlah berapa?
• How ?
Bagaimana cara memproduksinya agar efisien?
• For Whom ?
Untuk siapa barang tersebut disediakan?
ECONOMIES SYSTEM
• MARKET ECONOMIES SYSTEM
Kebanyakan persoalan ekonomi diselesaikan
melalui mekanisme pasar
• COMMAND ECONOMIES SYSTEM
Keputusan produksi dan distribusi
diserahkan/diatur oleh pemerintah
• MIXED ECONOMIES SYSTEM
Campuran antara sistem ekonomi pasar
denga sistem ekonomi komando
The Three Problems Of Economic
Organization and Economies System
PERMINTAAN BARANG
PASAR PENAWARAN BARANG
BARANG
WHAT
PASAR
PENAWARAN FAKTOR FAKTOR PERMINTAAN FAKTOR
Bagaimana cara mempoduksi
Input → output (Q)
Input : Land (lahan)
Labour (Tenaga kerja)
Capital ( modal/barang2
modal)
a. Efficiency,
dengan menciptakan persaingan, mengendalikan eksternalitas
seperti polusi, dan menyediakan barang-barang publik.
b. Equity,
dengan menggunakan pajak dan program-program
pengeluarannya serta mendistribusikan kembali kepada
kelompok-keompok khusus (yang berpendapatan rendah).
c. Stability,
dengan membantu perkembangan stabilitas dan pertumbuhan
ekonomi (mengurangi pengangguran dan inflasi sambil mendorong
pertumbuhan ekonomi) melalui kebijakan fiskal dan moneter.
2. SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND
PRODUCT MARKETS
2.1. The Demand Function and Curve
2.2. The Demand Curve Shifts
2.3. The Supply Function and Curve
2.4. The Supply Curve Shifts
2.5. Market Equilibirium
2.6. Effect Of A Shift In Supply Or Demand
On Market Equilibirium
2.1 The Demand Function
The Demand Function
Qdx = F ( Px, I, Py, T, N, . . . )
Qdx = F (Px| … )
Where:
Qdx : Quantity Demand Of X
Px : Price Of X
I : Average Income (Normal, Lux, And Inferior Goods)
Py : Price Of Y As Related Goods
(Substitution, And Complements Goods)
T : Preferences (Taste)
N : Size Of The Market
…. : Special Infuences
The Law Of Demand: …
The Demand Schedule & Curve
Demand Schedule Demand Curve
Px ($)
5 ● A
Px Qdx
$ per unit millions 4 ● B
of unit Demand
3 ● C
A 5 9 2 ● D
B 4 10
1 E ●
C 3 12
D 2 15 0
5 10 15 20
E 1 20 Qx (Jt unit)
Market Demand Derived
from Individual Demands
(a) Smith’s Demand (b) Brown’s Demand (c) Their Combined Demand
P P P
$10 d1 $10 $10
D
d2
$7
d2 D
d1
q1 q2 Total quantity
Quantity1 Quantity2 Q=q1+q2
2.2 Shifts in Demand
P Normal goods : I -
D” D
Inferior goods : I +
D’
Consumer taste : T -
P Substitution goods : Py-
P Complementer goods : Py+
P1 ● A” ● A ● A’ Normal goods : I +
Inferior goods : I –
Consumer taste : T +
P Substitution goods : Py+
P Complementer goods : Py-
D’
D” D
O Q3 Q1 Q2 Q
2.3 The Supply Function
The Supply Function:
Qsx = f ( Px, Pi, Tg, G, Py, … )
Qsx = f (Px|…)
Where : Qsx : Supply quantity of x
Px : Price of x
Pi : Price of input
Tg : Technology
G : Government Policy (Tx&S)
Py : Price of related goods
… : Special Influence
The Supply Schedule and Curve
Supply Schedule Supply Curve
Px ($)
Supply
Px Qsx 5 A ●
$ per unit millions
of unit 4 B ●
3 C ●
A 5 18
2 D ●
B 4 16
C 3 12 1 ● E
D 2 7
0 5 10 15 20
E 1 0 Qx (juta
unit)
2.4 SHIFTS IN SUPPLY
.
Technology : T -
Input prices : Pi+
S’’
P Price of Subs goods : Py +
S Price of Comp goods : Py -
Price
S’ Tax : Tx +
Subsidies : Sb -
Technology : T +
P1 Input prices : Pi -
Price of Subs goods : Py -
Price of Comp goods : Py +
Tax : Tx -
Subsidies : Sb +
Q
0 Q3 Q1 Q2
Quantity Supplied
2.5 Equilibirium Of Supply And
Demand
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Possible Quan demanded Quan suppiyed
price (millions (millions State of Pressure
($ per box) of boxes) of boxes) market on price
A 5 9 18 Surplus Downward
B 4 10 16 Surplus Downward
C 3 12 12 Equilibrium Neutral
D 2 15 7 Shortage Upward
E 1 20 0 Shortage Upward
Market Equilibirium
Px ($) Supply
Surplus/
Excess
5 A● ● A’
Supply
4 B● ● B’
3 C ● Equilibrium point
2 D’ ● ● D
Shotage/
1 ● E’ Excess E ● Demand
Demand
0 Qx (Jt unit)
5 10 15 20
2.6 Effect Of A Shift In Supply Or Demand
On Market Equilibirium
.
(a) Supply Shift (b) Demand Shift
P D S’ P
S D S
D’
E’
E
Price
E Price E’
D
S’
S S
D D’
Q Q
Quantity
Quantity
The Effect on Price and Quantity of
Different Demand and Supply Shifts
E’
P2
1.00
.90 S
P1 .10 E
P3
O Q2 Q1 Q
Exp.2. Impact Of Tariff And Quota
D S
P
E
Pd
C Et
Pt St
B Ef
Pf Sf
K L
O F G H I J Q1 Q
Impor ssdh tarif
D S
W
Unemployment
Wmin
E F
O N
Unemployment
Exp.4. Price Controls Produce Shortages
(Ceiling price)
P
D’ D
E
Equilibrium level
M Without price ceiling
J K
C Ceiling price
Q
O
3. ELASTICITY ANALYSIS
3.1. Basic Concept Of Elasticity
3.2. Price Elasticity Of Demand
3.3. Income Elasticity Of Demand
3.4. Cross Elasticity Of Demand
3.5. Price Elasticity Of Supply
3.1. Basic Concept Of Elasticity
Elastisitas,
menunjukan besarnya perubahan variabel terikat
sebagai akibat perubahan variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhinya.
Q P
Ep =
P Q
Q P
Ep =
(Q1 Q2 ) / 2 ( P1 P2 ) / 2
3.2.1 Numerical Calculation of
Elasticity Coefficient
Q ∆Q P ∆P ½(Q1+Q2) ½(P1+P2) Ep
0 6
10 2 5 5 5 (elastic)
10 4
10 2 15 3 1 (unit elastic)
20 2
10 2 25 1 0,2 (inelastic)
30 0
3.2.2 Arc Elasticity
Q P
P Ep = Q P
Q1Q2 P1 P2
= OQ1 OQ1
D
B
P2
A
P1
D
0 Q2 Q1 Q
P P D P D
D A A
A
B B B
D
D
D
Q Q Q
3.2.5 Perfectly Elasticity and
Inelastic Demands
P
D
Perfectly
inelastic
demand
D’ D’
Perfectly elastic
demand
D
Q
Selected Estimates of Price
Elasticities of Demand
Commodity Price elasticity
Tomatoes 4.60
Green peas 2.80
Legal gambling 1.90
Taxi service 1.42
Furniture 1.00
Movies 0.87
Shoes 0.70
Legal services 0.61
Medical insurances 0.31
Bus travel 0.20
Residential Electricity 0.13
3.2.6 Elasticity And Revenue
PERMINTAAN ELASTIS PERMINTAAN INELASTIS
P P Di
De
P1 A P1 L
P2 C B P2 N M
O Q1 Q2 Q O Q3 Q4 Q
Ketika harga turun, TR naik dari Ketika harga turun, TR turun dari
0Q1AP1 menjadi 0Q2BP2 0Q3LP1 menjadi 0Q4MP2
3.2.7 Faktor-faktor Yang Menentukan
Elastisitas Harga
Q / Q
Ei
I / I
Q I
Ei
I Q
Ei Barang normal, elastis ( Ei ≥ 1 )
Ei Barang mewah, elastis ( Ei >> 1 )
Ei Barang esensial, inelastis (Ei < 1 )
Ei Barang inferior, elastis/inelastis (negatif)
Selected Estimates of Income
Elasticities of Demand
Commodity Income elasticity
Automobiles 2.26
Owner-occupid housing 1.49
Furniture 1.48
Books 1.44
Restaurant meals 1.40
Clothing 1.02
Physicians service 0.75
Tobacco 0.64
Eggs 0.37
Margarine -0.20
Pig product -0.20
Flour -0.36
3.4 Cross Elasticity Of Demand
Persentase Perubahan Permintaan Barang X
Ec=
Persentase Perubahan Harga Barang Y
Qx / Qx
Ec
Py / Py
Qx Py
Ec
Py Qx
Qs / Qs
Es
P / P
Qs P
Es
P Qs
3.5.1 Supply Elasticity Depands upon Producer
Response to Price
(e) Es < 1 , inelastis (curam)
P
Q
O
3.5.2 Faktor-faktor Yang
Mempengaruhi Elastisitas
Penawaran
1. Jenis produk (umumnya pertanian
inelastis, industri elastis)
2. Sifat perubahan biaya produksi (biaya
tinggi: inelastis, biaya rendah: elastis)
3. Jangka waktu (singkat inelastis, makin
berjangka panjang makin elastis)
4. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR THEORY
4.1 Consumer Behavior Theory
4.2 Total And Marginal Utility
4.3 The Law of Diminishing Marginal
Utility
4.4 Consumer Quilibirium
4.5 Ordinal Theory: Indifference Curve
Analysis
4.6 Substitution & Income Effect
4.7 Indifference & Demand Curve
4.1 Consumers Behavior Theories
• Menjelaskan tentang perilaku konsumen dalam
mengalokasikan sumber daya ekonominya, dengan
tujuan mencapai kepuasan maksimum.
• Cardinal and Ordinal Theory
• Asumsi-asumsi:
– Makin banyak konsumsi thd barang (goods) makin
bermanfaat.
– Ukuran manfaat adalah utility.
– The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (Gossen
Law).
– Minimal ada dua sikap tentang preferensi, lebih
suka (prefer) atau sama-sama disukai
(indifference).
– Perfect knowledge
4.2 Total And Marginal Utility
(1) (2) (3)
Quantity of a Total Marginal
good consumed utility utility
Q U MU
0 0
4
1 4
3
2 7
2
3 9
1
4 10
0
5 10
4.3 The Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility
(a) Total Utility (b) Marginal Utility
U
MU
0 Q 0 Q
4.4 Consumer Quilibirium:
Kaitannya dengan MU dan harga
MU x MU y MU z
MAKSIMISASI UTILITY :
Px Py Pz
EFEK SUBSTITUSI : MU X MU Y
(bila harga X naik) PX PY
4.5 Ordinal Theory: Indifference Curve
• Indifference curve adalah tempat
kedudukan titik titik kombinasi konsumsi
terhadap dua macam barang yang
memberikan kepuasan yang sama.
• Asumsi-asumsi:
– Semakin jauh dari O semakin tinggi
kepuasan.
– Downward sloping.
– Convex to origin.
Apendix 5
INDIFFERENCE CURVE:
Clothing
A Consumer’s
Indifference Curve
6 . . A
Indifference
Combinations
Food Clothing 3 . . B
A 1 6
B 2 3 . 2 . C
C 3 2 1½ . . D
D 4 11/2
. . . .
O 1 2 3 4 Food
INDIFFERENCE MAP
(A Family of Indifference Curves)
C
.A
.B
Clothing
C U4
.
D
.
U3
U2
U1
O Food F
BUDGET LINE:
Income Constrains Consumer Spending
Alternative Clothing
Consumption
Possibilities 6 .Q
Income: Rp.1200.000
Price of food: Rp.30.000 Consumer’s
Price of clothing: Rp.200.000
4½ . P
Budget Line
Food Clothing
3 .O
M 40 0
N 30 1½
O 20 3 1½ .N
P 10 4½
Q 0 6
. M
0 10 20 30 40 Food
CONSUMER EQUILIBIRIUM:
Consumer’s Most Preferred and Feasible
Consumption Bundle Is Attenited at B
C
Consumer’s Equilibrium
N
Clothing
B U4
U3
U2
U1
O Food M F
INCOME CONSUMPTION CURVES:
Effect of Income Change on Equilibrium
C
N
Clothing
ICC
N’
B
U4
B’ U3
U2
U1
O F
M’ M Food
PRICE CONSUMPTION CURVE
Effect of Price Change on Equilibrium
C
N
PCC
Clothing
B
B”
B’” U4
U3
U2
U1
O M” M Food F
SUBSTITUTION EFFECT AND
INCOME EFFECT
Barang M
A
NN2 :Substitution effect
O N N2 B N1 B1 C Barang N
Y/PM
INDIFFERENCE CURVE AND
DEMAND CURVE
Makanan
E1
M1
E2
M2
E3
M3
U3
U2
U1
Pakaian
O K1 K2 Y/Pk1 K3 Y/Pk2 Y/Pk3
HargaPakaian
Pk1 E1
Pk2 E2
Pk3
E3 Demand
Pakaian
O K1 K2 K3
5. PRODUCTION THEORY
& COSTS ANLYSIS
5.1. Basic Concept of Production Theory
5.2. Short Run Prodution Analysis: The Law of
Diminishing Returns
5.3. Long Run Production Analysis: Isoquant,
Isocost, Least Cost Combination,
Expansion Path.
5.4. Returns to Scale: Constant, Increasing,
Decreasing
5.5. Basic Concept of Cost: Economic Cost,
Accounting Cost, Opportunity Cost.
5.6. Short Run Cost Analysis
5.7. Long Run Cost Analysis
5.1 Basic Concept
1. Business firm merupakan organisasi yang
melaksanakan dan mengurus proses produksi.
2. Production Function , menjelaskan hubungan antara
jumlah output dengan jumlah input (land, capital
and labor).
3. Total Product (TP) adalah output total yang
diproduksi. Average Product (AP) sama dengan TP
dibagi dengan jumlah input (L).
4. Marginal product (MP) suatu factor adalah
tambahan output sebagai tambahan Satu unit input
variable sedangkan input lainnya konstan.
5. The law of diminishing return terjadi pada saat MP
menurun ketika input ditambah sedangkan input
lainnya konstan.
5.2 Short Run Prodution Analysis
* Fungsi Produksi : Q = f ( A, K, L )
0 0
2,000
1 2,000 2,000
1,000
2 3,000 1,500
500
3 3,500 1,167
300
4 3,800 950
100
5 3,900 780
Chapter 6
Marginal Product Is Derived from Total Product
TP (a) Total Product (b) Marginal Product
MP
Labor
Labor
Questions for Discussion
(1) (2) (3) (4)
18 – Inch Pipe
Total Marginal Average
Product Product Product
Pumping (barrels (barrels per (barrels per
horse power per day) day per hp) day per hp)
10,000 86,000
20,000 114,000
30,000 134,000
40,000 150000
50,000 164,000
5.3 Long Run Production Analysis
Isoquant: Inputs And Costs Of Producing A Given Level Of Output
A 1 6 20 ...
B 2 3 13 7
C 3 2 12 …
D 6 1 15 …
Equal-Product (Isoquant) Curve
A
6 A
Land
B
3
C
2 D q = 346
1
0 1 2 3 6 Labour
ISOCOST
Land
• Cost$18,000
• Rent$ 3,000 6- G Cost for
• Wage $ 2,000 F TC $18.000
5-
• Comb Land Labour E
4-
A 0 9
D
B 1 7.5 3-
C 2 6 C
D 3 4.5 2-
E 4 3 B
1-
F 5 1.5
A
G 6 0
-
-
0 2 4 6 8 10
Labour
Producer Equilibirium:
Least-CostCombination
$1
8
. A=$20
$1
5
Land
$1
2
$9
. B=$13
$6 . C=$12
.D=$15 q = 346
$3
Labour
Fungsi Produksi Jangka Panjang:
Semua faktor produksi bersifat variabel
Q3
Q C Q2
Q1
O K O K O K
C1 C2 C3
L : Labor K : Kapital
MAKSIMISASI OUTPUT DAN MINIMISASI BIAYA
• MINIMISASI BIAYA • MAKSIMISASI OUTPUT
L L
P
X
Q Y
R
U Z U3
U1 U2
O K O K
C1 C2 C3 C
5.4 Returns to Scale
• Returns to scale, mencerminkan tingkat kenaikan
hasil produksi karena kenaikan semua input secara
bersama-sama.
• Sebagai contoh, kalau semua input dilipatkan dua
kali dan hasil produksinya berlipat dua kali juga,
maka proses tersebut disebut bercirikan constant
returns to scale.
• Kalau dalam kasus tersebut hasil produksinya hanya
meningkat 75%, menunjukan decreasing returns to
scale.
• Sedangkan jika hasil produksinya meningkat lebih
dari dua kali, prosesnya disebut increasing returns to
scale.
Constant, Decreasing, and Increasing
Returns to scale
Capital
Capital
Capital
6 B 6 B 6 B
Technology
teknologi maka
kurva TP akan
TP2 TP,
TP,1955
1955 bergeser ke atas,
Technology
Technology
menandakan
TP1 AP semakin besar,
namun tidak
berarti ada efisiensi,
karena efisiensi
memerlukan juga
modernisasi SDM.
O L
Input
5.5 Basic concept of Production Cost
• Biaya adalah pengeluaran untuk memperoleh
input dalam rangka menghasilkan suatu
barang, disebut juga biaya eksplisit.
• Biaya kesempatan (oportunity cost), hilangnya
kesempatan sebagai akibat memilih
kesempatan tertentu, disebut juga biaya
implisit.
• Secara akuntansi yang dimaksud biaya adalah
biaya ekspisit, sedangkan secara ekonomi
adalah keseluruhan biaya, atau biaya eksplisit
ditambah biaya implisit.
5.6 Short Run Cost Analysis
• Analisis Biaya Jangka Pendek,
mengasumsikan terdapat satu biaya variabel,
sedangkan yang lainnya merupakan biaya
tetap.
• Analisis Biaya Jangka Panjang,
mengasumsikan semua biaya adalah
variabel.
• Biaya variabel, adalah biaya yang berubah
jika output berubah.
• Biaya tetap, yaitu biaya yang tidak berubah
berapapun jumlah output.
Cost Are Derived from Production
Data and Input Cost
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Output Land inputs Labour inputs Land rent Labour wage Total cost
(tons of wheat) (acres) (workers) ($ per acre) ($ per workers) ($)
0 10 0 5.5 5 55
1 10 6 5.5 5 85
2 10 11 5.5 5 110
3 10 15 5.5 5 130
4 10 21 5.5 5 160
5 10 31 5.5 5 210
6 10 45 5..5 5 280
7 10 63 5.5 5 370
8 10 85 5.5 5 480
ANALISIS BIAYA JANGKA PENDEK
TC TFC
AC AFC
Q Q
TC TVC
MC AVC
Q Q
KONSEP BIAYA
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
Q FC VC TC=FC+VC MC AC=TC/q AFC=FC/q AVC=VC/q
unit ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)
G Total
variable
coast
H’
Total G’
fixed
coast
0
Q
P
MC
AFC AC
AVC
J”
AFC
H”
G”
0 Q
5.7 Long Run Cost Analysis
SAC SAC1 Kurva rata-
SAC2 rata
P1
A
SAC3 biaya
P4
D
C* jangka
P2
P3 C”
pendek
B
E dan jangka
panjan
0
Q1 Q3 Q Q4 Output
2
SAC, LAC
SAC1 SAC7
SAC2 SAC6
SAC3 SAC4 LAC
SAC5
A G
B F
C D E
0
Output
Economies of scale Diseconomies of scale
Faktor–faktor Yang Mempengaruhi
Economies of Scale
Fixed cost didistribusikan kepada lebih banyak
produk/pelanggan.
Spesialisasi faktor produksi.
Efisiensi penggunaan bahan baku.
Harga bahan baku menjadi lebih murah.
Menghasilkan produk sampingan.
Menciptakan lapangan usaha bagi masyarakat
sekitar yang bermanfaat bagi perusahaan.
6. MARKET STRUCTURE:
PERFECTLY COMPETITION
6.1. Types of Market Structures
6.2. Perfectly Competition Market
6.3. Revenue and profit
6.4. Short Run Equlibirium Analysis
6.5. Long Run Equlibirium Analysis
6.6. Short Run and Long Run Industry
Supply Curve
6.7. Perfectly Competition Market
Evaluation
6.1. Types of Market Structures
1.Perfect 2. Imperfect
Competition Competition
1. Monopoly
2. Oligopoly
• Market strutures: Pasar
dilihat dari banyak sedikitnya
3. Monopolistic
jumlah penjual serta produk Competition
yang diperdagangkan
6.2. The Nature Perfectly
Competition Market
E
d
P1
0 Q1 Q 0 q
Industri Firma
6.3 Revenue and Profit
Total Revenue: TR = P x Q
Average Revenue: AR = TR/Q
Marginal Revenue: MR = dTR/dQ
Laba per unit: π = P – AC
Laba Total: Tπ = TR – TC
Laba maksimum tercapai pada saat:
MR = MC
P: Price of output
Q: Quantity of output
Demand and Revenue
P P
TR1
d1 = AR1 = MR1 A1
P1 TR2
d0 = AR0= MR0 A2
P2
0 Q 0 Q
KEPUTUSAN PENAWARAN
PERUSAHAAN YANG KOMPETITIF
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
q TC MC AC P TR π
($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)
0 55.000
1.000 85.000 27 85 40 40.000 -45.000
2.000 110.000 22 55 40 80.000
-30.000
3.000 130.000 21 43,33 40 120.000 -10.000
3.999 159.960 38,98 40,000 + 40 159.960 -0,01
39,99
4.000 160.000 40 40 40 160.000 0
40,01
4.001 160,040 40,02 40,000 + 40 160.040 -0,01
5.000 210.000 60 42 40 200.000
6.4 Short Run Equilibiium
(Maksimalisasi laba)
1.Membandingkan TR dengan TC 2.Menunjukkan bahwa MR = MC
TR, TC TC TR P
MC
AC
C
AVC
TR1 B
b
P1
TC1 D TOTAL PROFITS P=AR=MR
P2 d
A TOTAL COST
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q 0 Q2 Q
EMPAT KEMUNGKINAN
LABA PERUSAHAAN
Pada saat MR = MC :
Laba Berlebihan (Excessive Profits):
P > AC
Laba Normal (Normal Profits):
P = AC
Rugi tetapi masih bisa meneruskan
usaha: AVC < P < AC
Rugi dan harus menutup usaha:
P < AVC < AC
EXCESSIVE PROFITS
(Ketika MC=MR → P>AC)
P
MC AC
P1
A D=P=AR=MR
TOTAL PROFITS
P2 B
0 Q1 Q
NORMAL PROFITS
(Ketika MC=MR → P=AC)
P
MC AC
P1
A D=P=AR=MR
TOTAL REVENUE
= TOTAL COST
0 Q1 Q
RUGI TETAPI MENERUSKAN USAHA
(Ketika MC=MR → AVC<P<AC)
AC
P
MC AVC
F
P3
RUGI TOTAL
D=P=AR=MR
P1 A
P2
B
0 Q1 Q
RUGI DAN HARUS MENUTUP USAHA
(Ketika MC=MR → P<AVC<AC)
AC
P
AVC
MC
P3 F
RUGI TOTAL B
P2
D=P=AR=MR
P1 A
0 Q1 Q
6.5 Long Run Equilibirium
Analysis
D2 MC AC
P p
S1
D1 S2
E2
P2 d2
E1 E3
P1
d1
0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q 0 q1 q2 q
Industri Firma
6.6 Short Run and Long Run
Industry Supply Curve
P
MC=SUPPLY AC
AVC
P4 E4 d4=P4=AR4=MR4
P3
E3 d3 =P3=AR3=MR3
P2
E2 d2=P2=AR2=MR2
P1 E1 d1=P1=AR1=MR1
0 Q 1 Q 2 Q3 Q4 Q
AKUMULASI KURVA PENAWARAN FIRMA
= KURVA PENAWARAN INDUSTRI
SA SB
SC
P4
P3
P2
P1
0 35 65 100 0 65 80 0 20 45 70 100
P4
SA + SB + SC = SINDUSTRI
P3
P2
P1
0 20 80 200 280
LONG-RUN SUPPLY CURVE IN A
CONSTANT COST INDUSTRY
FIRM INDUSTRY
AC D1 D2 D3
P MC
P
d S
P1 P1
0 q1 q 0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q
LONG-RUN SUPPLY CURVE IN A
INCREASING COST INDUSTRY
FIRM INDUSTRY
P P S
MC3
AC3 E3
P3 P3
MC2
D2 D3
AC2
P2 P2
MC1
D1 D2
AC1
P1 P1
D1
0 0 Q
q1 q2 q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
LONG-RUN SUPPLY CURVE IN A
DECREASING COST INDUSTRY
FIRM INDUSTRY
D1
P P D2
MC3
AC3
E1
P1 P1
D3
MC2
AC2 E2
P2 P2
MC1
AC1 E3
P3 P3
S
Q
0 q1 q2 q3 0 Q1 Q2 Q3
6.7. Perfectly Competition Market
Evaluation
Manfaat:
1.Memaksimumkan efisiensi
2.Kebebasan bertindak dan memilih
Masalah (Kegagalan Pasar):
1. Persaingan tidak sempurna
2. Eksternalitas-eksternalitas
3. Informasi yang tidak lengkap
4. Tidak mendorong inovasi
5. Membatasi pilihan konsumen
6. Kemungkinan biaya lebih tinggi
7.Tidak selalu meratakan distribusi pendapatan
7. IMPERFECT COMPETITION
MARKET
7.1 The Nature of Every Market
7.2 Sources Of Market Imperfections
7.3 Price, Quantity & Revenue
7.4 Maximum Profit of Imperfect Competition
7.5 Oligopoly & Measures Of Market Power
7.6 Oligopoly Equilibirium
7.7 Monopolistic Competition Market
7.8 Price Discrimination
7.9 Social Cost and Benefit Of Monopoly
7.10 Monopoly Regulation
7.1 The Nature of Every Market
Struktur Jumlah produsen Contoh Kontrol Metode-metode
dan tingkat terhadap pemasaran
diferensiasi produk harga
Pasar Banyak produsen; Pasar finansial dan Tidak ada Pertukaran pasar
persaingan produk identik produk2 pertanian atau lelang
sempurna
Persaingan Banyak produsen; Perdagangan ritel Ada iklan dan
monoplistis banyak perbedaan (pizza,bir,…), walaupun kualitas; harga2
produk (riil/rasa) komputer2 PC terbatas yang diatur
500 TR
480
420 TR
320
18
0
1 2 3 4 5 Q O Q
O
AR and MR Curve
PASAR PERSAINGAN PASAR PERSAINGAN
TIDAK SEMPURNA SEMPURNA
P ($) P ($)
10
D=P=AR=M
R
MR D=P=AR
Tπ
250
TR
O 4 5 Q
MAKSIMISASI LABA
p($)
MC
120
TOTAL PROFITS
AC
62,,5
TOTAL COST d=AR
MR
O 4 5 10 Q
7.5 Oligopoly & Measures Of
Market Power
Monopoly power:
Lerner Index: L = (P - MC) P
Makin besar L makin besar daya monopoli
Dipengruhi oleh:
a. Elastisitas harga
b. Jumlah firma dlm indutri
(Concentration Ratio)
c. Interaksi antar perusahaan
PENJUALAN SEPEDA MOTOR DI JAWA BARAT
MEREK TH.2003 TH.2003 TH.2004 TH.2004 TH.2005 TH.2005
(unit) (persen) (unit) (persen) (unit)* (persen)*
1. Collusive oligopoly
(Hampir sama dengan
monopoli)
2. Non Collusive oligopoly
(Kinked demand curve dan
Game Theory)
7.7 Monopolistic Competition Market
P P
d
C G
MC d
MR MC
AC G’ AC
A’
B MR
A
E E’
O Q O Q’ Q
1. Pengaturan harga
2. Pengenaan pajak