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Taralan Tambunan: Departemen Ilmu Kes. Anak Fkui - RSCM
Taralan Tambunan: Departemen Ilmu Kes. Anak Fkui - RSCM
1. Caregiver
2. Decision maker
3. Communicator
4. Community leader
5. Manager
Good doctors
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Education
&
Training
Accountability Clinical
& Audit
Openness
CLINICAL
GOVERNANCE
Research
Clinical
&
Efficacy
Development
Risk
Management Patient’s safety
- NHS, 1998
The main element of clinical governance - Sudigdo, CPD
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Patient Safety
Factors:
Bad prescribing habits (doctors)
Aggressive drug promotion
Drug availability
Drug regulation system
socio-cultural
Health care system
Common types of irrational medicine use
Poly-pharmacy
Inappropriate use of antibiotics
- indication
- dosage
Overuse of injection
Failure to prescribe ~ clinical guidelines
Inappropriate self medication of prescription only medicine
Pharmaceutical Care
Physician perspective Pharmaceutical practice
principles (PHARMACIST)
(de Vries TPGM, Henning RH, (Principles of practice for pharmaceutical care)
Hogerzeil HP. http://www.aphanet.org/pharmacare/prinprac.
Guide to good prescribing, WHO 1995 html. April 11, 2006
Step 1: Define the patient’s problem
Disease or disorder
Sign of underlying disease
Psychological or social problems, anxiety
Side effect of drugs
Refill request (polypharmacy)
Non-adherence to treatment
Request for preventive treatment
Combinations of the above
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Step 2: Specify the therapeutic objective
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Step 3: Selecting Therapeutic Strategies
Selected treatment:
Non pharmacological treatment
- a change in life style or diet
- physiotherapy or exercise
- psychological support
Pharmacological treatment
- selecting the core of the drug
- selecting the drug from the chosen group
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Step 3: Verify the suitability of your P-drug
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Step 3: Verify that your P-drug is suitable for this patient
3A Are the active substance and dosage from suitable?
Effective: Indication (drug really needed)?
Convenience (easy to handle, cost)?
Safe : Contraindications (high risk groups, other disease)?
Interactions (drugs, food, alcohol)?
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EBM APPROACH
Browsing
▪ DOEN
Ext. Best ▪ Pedoman pengobatan dasar
Physician Evidence Puskesmas 2011: 102 penyakit
Proficiency ▪ PPAB Nasional PPAB-RS
▪ SPM/PPM-RS
▪ SPO-RS
▪ Formularium Jamkesmas
▪ Formularium-RS
Patient’s preference
Pengobatan pasien
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Buku Formularium
Step 4: Start the treatment
Perscription writing :
The prescriber’s name, adress & phone number
Date of the perscription
Name, form and strength of the drug
The strength of the drug: - std unit abbrevation
- avoid decimals
Route, dose & frequency
Name of the patients, address, age
Quantity to be dispensed
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Resep (R/)*:
▪ Permintaan tertulis dari: - Dr. Umum / Drg
- Dr. Spesialis / Drg. Spesialis
▪ Diatur dalam Hospital Drug By law
Syarat: - kompeten
- memiliki STR & SIP pada tempat kerja
- kartu tanda tangan & paraf Apotik
▪ Format resep: Baku
▪ Resep ditulis rangkap 2 untuk pasien & arsip dokter
▪ Bersifat rahasia: Dokter – Pasien – Apoteker
* MMU-4.4
Model Resep Yang Lengkap*:
1. Nama dokter, alamat, telepon, hari/jam praktik
2. Nama kota - STR, SIP
3. Tanda R/
4. Nama setiap jenis obat:
- jenis
- jumlah, satuan (mg, g, ml,dsb)
5. Bentuk/cara pembuatan: tabt, cps, pulv, dsb
6. Aturan pakai (Signatura = S)
7. Nama pasien: Pro: Tn/Ny, Nn, dsb
Umur, alamat
8. Tanda tangan/paraf
* MMU-4.4
Medication Reconciliation
(Penyelarasan Obat)
Ruang
UGD Perawatan Klinik
ICU
• Kejadian Diskrepansi :
Admission 22 %
Transfer 66 %
Discharge 12 %
Santell J. Journal of Qual and Patient Saf. 2006;32:225-9
Tahapan Medication Reconciliation
L / T / H
L / T / H
L / T / H
L / T / H
L / T / H
L = Lanjut; T= Tunda; H= Henti
Tabel. Daftar Singkatan Yang Tidak Boleh Digunakan
* MMU-4.2
PERHATIAN*
Ingat 7 benar
R/ ditulis dengan tinta/ballpoint
disimpan oleh apotik : 3 thn
Tulisan harus dapat dibaca
Copy/turunan R/
Sedapat mungkin menulis R/ di hadapan pasien
Jangan ragu-ragu menulis R/
Baca kembali R/
Penulisan R/ dengan nama Generik ~ anjuran Pemerintah
Daftar singkatan latin yang baku
* MMU-4.4
Step 5: Give Information*
(verbal communication)
1. Effect of the drug
2. Adverse effect
3. Dosage and administration
4. Warning
5. Future consultation
6. Any more question??
* MMU-4.1
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Step 6: Monitor (and stop?) the treatment
Was the treatment effective?