1) Hydrogen and Chlorine: Covalent Bonding:

H + Cl H Cl or H-Cl
Sharing electrons
2) Hydrogen & hydrogen.
(Single covalent bond)
3) Fluorine & fluorine.
4) Nitrogen & hydrogen.
5) Carbon & hydrogen.
 Covalent Bonding:
The Octet Rule in Covalent Bonding
In covalent bonds, electron sharing
usually occurs so that atoms attain
the electron configurations of noble
gases.
The pair of shared electrons forming the
covalent bond is also often represented
as a dash, as in H—H for hydrogen
(structural formula )
 Covalent Bonding:
Represent the formation of the chemical bond
between the following atoms (Lewis dot structure):
1)Oxygen and oxygen:
Two pairs of
electrons shared

O + O O O or O=O
(Double covalent
bond)
A double covalent bond is a bond that
involves two shared pairs of electrons.
2) Nitrogen & nitrogen:

N + N N N or N N
Three pairs of
electrons shared
(Triple covalent bond)

A bond formed by sharing three

pairs of electrons is a triple covalent bond.
Using electron-dots structure represent the
following molecules:
1)CO2

2) C2H4

3) C2H2
 Bond Polarity:
How do electronegativity
values determine the charge
distribution in a polar bond?

Remember, the electronegativity

indicates the relative ability of each atom to
attract electrons in a chemical bond.
 Bond Polarity

The nuclei of atoms

pull on the shared
electrons , much as the
knot in the rope is
pulled toward
opposing sides in a
tug-of-war.
 Bond Polarity
A polar covalent bond, known also as a
polar bond, is a covalent bond
between atoms in which the electrons
are shared unequally.
The more electronegative atom
attracts more strongly and gains a
slightly negative charge.
The less electronegative atom has a
slightly positive charge. δ+ δ–
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H—Cl
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 Bond Polarity
– When the atoms in the bond pull
equally (as occurs when identical
atoms are bonded), the bonding
electrons are shared equally, and
each bond formed is a nonpolar
covalent bond.

H-H Br-Br O=O

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 Bond Polarity
The electronegativity difference between two
atoms tells you what kind of bond is likely to form.
Electronegativity Differences and Bond Types

Electronegativity Most probable type of bond Example

difference range

0.0 – 0.39 Nonpolar covalent H—H (0.0)

0.4 – 0.9 Moderately polar covalent δ+ δ–

H—Cl (0.9)
1.0 – 1.9 Very polar covalent δ+ δ–
>1.5 Ionic (if a metal is present) H—F (1.9)

≥ 2.0 Ionic Na+Cl– (2.1)

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 Sample Problem

Identifying Bond Type

Which type of bond (nonpolar covalent,
moderately polar covalent, very polar
covalent, or ionic) will form between each
of the following pairs of atoms?
a. N and H
b. F and F
c. Ca and Cl
d. Al and Cl
 Electronegativity Differences and Bond Types
Electronegativ Most probable type of bond Example
ity difference
range
0.0 – 0.39 Nonpolar covalent H—H (0.0)

0.4 – 0.9 Moderately polar covalent δ+ δ–

H—Cl (0.9)
1.0 – 1.9 Very polar covalent δ+ δ–
>1.5 Ionic (if a metal is present) H—F (1.9)
≥ 2.0 Ionic Na+Cl– (2.1)

a. 3.0(N) - 2.1(H) = 0.9 Moderately polar covalent.

b. 4.0(F) - 4.0(F) = 0.0 Nonpolar covalent.

c. 3.0(Cl) - 1.0(Ca) = 2.0 Ionic.

d. 3.0(Cl) - 1.5(Al) = 1.5 Very polar covalent.

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 Describing Polar Covalent Molecules:
– In a polar molecule, one end of the molecule is
slightly negative, and the other end is slightly
positive. δ+ δ-

– A molecule that has two poles is

called a dipolar molecule, or dipole.
Example:
δ+ δ–
H—Cl
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The effect of polar bonds on the polarity of
an entire molecule depends on the shape of
the molecule and the orientation of the
polar bonds.
• A carbon dioxide molecule has two polar
bonds, it is linear.
O C O
Therefore, the molecule is nonpolar.
(The bond polarities cancel).

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 The water molecule also has two polar
bonds.
• However, the water molecule is bent rather than
linear.

• Therefore, the bond polarities do not cancel and a

water molecule is polar.
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