CHAMPION IN CAMBRIDGE

A2 CHEMISTRY
22.04.2021
Prepared by: Ms Norhafiza Roslan1
 Lattice Energy

Organic
Electrochemistry
Chemistry

Analytical
Equilibria
Chemistry

Polymerisation
PAPER Reaction Kinetics
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Organic
Entropy & Gibbs
Nitrogen
Free Energy
Compound

Carboxylic
Acids & their Transition Elements
derivatives
Benzene & Its
Compounds

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 LATTICE ENERGY

You should be able to :

1. Define the term lattice energy

Lattice energy is the enthalpy change

when 1 mole of an ionic compound is
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formed from its gaseous ions under
standard conditions

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 LATTICE ENERGY

You should be able to :

2. Construct Born-Haber cycle (Refer Appendix 1)

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 LATTICE ENERGY

You should be able to :

3. Factors affecting the value of lattice energy

Lattice energies are exothermic. The greater the value of

the lattice energy, the stronger the ionic bonding
holding the lattice together.

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The charge on the ions :

The size of the ions :
(the greater the charge
(the smaller the ion, the
on the ions, the more
more exothermic the
exothermic the lattice
lattice energy)
energy).
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 LATTICE ENERGY
You should be able to :
4. Explain the thermal Stability of Group 2 Nitrates & Carbonates (Appendix 1)

The thermal stability of the carbonates and nitrates of

Group 2 elements depends on the degree to which the
Group 2 cation is able to polarise the larger anion

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Smaller cations have a

Larger anions are more
higher charge density
polarised by a given
and are better polarisers
cation.
of a given anion

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 Example of candidate response

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 LATTICE ENERGY
You should be able to :
5. Determine enthalpy changes of solution and hydration

The standard enthalpy change of solution (ΔH sol) is the

enthalpy change when 1 mole of an ionic solid dissolves
in sufficient water to form a very dilute
Solution. ΔH sol may be exothermic or endothermic.

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The enthalpy change of hydration (ΔH hyd) is the enthalpy

change when 1 mole of gaseous ions
dissolves in sufficient water to form a very dilute
solution. ΔH hyd is always exothermic..

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 LATTICE ENERGY
You should be able to :
5. Explain the solubility of Group 2 sulfates & hydroxides (Appendix 1)

ΔH sol = ΔH hyd - ΔH latt

Solubility Group 2 Sulfates Solubility Group 2 Hydroxides

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• Decreases down the group • Increases down the group
• both lattice energy and hydration • both lattice energy and hydration
decrease decrease
• but hydration energy decreases • but lattice energy decreases more
more than lattice energy than hydration energy
• so enthalpy of solution become • so enthalpy of solution become
more endothermic
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less endothermic 9
 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to :
1. Define:
a) Standard Hydrogen Electrode

b) Standard Electrode Potential

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c) Standard Cell Potential

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to :
2. Draw the electrochemical cell.

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to :
3. Draw the electrochemical cell.

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to :
4. Draw the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to know that:

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY
You should be able to know that:

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See Appendix 2

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
1. Calculate [H+(aq)] and pH values for strong and weak acids and strong bases

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
1. Calculate [H+(aq)] and pH values for strong and weak acids and strong bases

In order to calculate the value of Ka, we make two assumptions: Rate yourself :

1) [H++] = [A--]
2) [HA]initial
initial
= [HA]equilibrium
equilibrium

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
2. Describe the changes in pH during acid-base titration

Strong acid vs strong base Strong acid vs weak base

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
2. Describe the changes in pH during acid-base titration

Weak acid vs strong base

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
3. Explain the choice of suitable indicators for acid-base titrations

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
4. Explain how buffer solutions control pH

ACIDIC BUFFER
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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
5. Calculate the pH of buffer solutions

Ka = [H+] [salt-]
[weak acid]

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
6. Calculate Ksp from concentrations

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1 3

2 4

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 FURTHER ASPECTS OF EQUILIBRIA
You should be able to :
7. Show understanding of the common ion effect

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REACTION KINETICS

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 Entropy & Gibbs Free Energy

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 TRANSITION ELEMENTS

Characteristics of
What is transition
transition
element?
element?

An element which can form at • Variable oxidation state

least one stable ion, with an • Form complex ions
incompletely filled d-subshell • Form Coloured ions
• Catalytic Activity
 What is complex
ion? A molecule which has a lone pair
to be donated to the metal ion to
form dative covalent bond

A metal ion surrounded by

molecules or anions known as What is ligand?
ligand
WHY TRANSITION METAL COMPLEX COLOURED?
Ligand causes the d-subshell to split into
2 energy levels (with 3 orbitals in a lower
energy level & 2 orbitals in the higher
energy level.

Electron from the lower energy orbital

absorb energy (light) in visible region at
certain frequency.

Electron promoted to the higher energy

level (d-d transition occur)

Complimentary colour seen

Why this copper complex Why this copper complex
coloured? colourless?

vs
Copper ion in Cu(NH3)4(H20)22+ has
partially filled d-orbitals

REMEMBER!!
For an ion to
have colour, a
Copper ion in Cu(NH3)2+ has d-d transition
completely filled d-orbitals MUST occur

Electronic transitions between

completely filled d-orbitals are not
possible. (d-d transition cannot
occur)
Why this copper complex Why this copper complex
is yellow in colour is dark blue in colour

BUT
Different ligands split the d-
orbital to a different extent

Lower electron will

absorbed light at different
frequency

Colour depends on the

energy of the absorbed light
 ISOMERISM IN TRANSITION ELEMENT COMPLEX ION
Geometrical isomer

Optical isomer

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Optical + geometrical isomer

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 Organic Chemistry A2

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 Analytical Chemistry

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PowerPoint chart object
 Love,
Miss Fiza
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