METACOGNITIVE READING REPORT:

Instructions: Read the reference article and complete the

statements that follow.
• Brazalote and Leonardo. (2018). The Global Divides: The North
and the South. The Contemporary World. 68-71.
1. The three (3) things that I significantly learned from the
readings are ………………..
2. The three (3) things that are still unclear to me
…………………………………………..…
3. I used to think that
……………………………………………………………
4. The three (3) questions that I want to ask about the readings are
……………………….

GLOBAL DIVIDES:
THE NORTH AND THE
GLOBAL DIVIDES:
THE NORTH AND THE
LEARNING OUTCOMES

To define the term “Global South”;

To differentiate the “Global South” from the third
world; and
To analyze different conceptions/lenses of global
relations.
AGREE OR DISAGREE???

The Philippines is an
example of Global
South.
AGREE OR DISAGREE???

First World countries

are communist nation-
states.
AGREE OR DISAGREE???

Second World countries

include the United
States of America.
AGREE OR DISAGREE???

The Philippines is a
Third World country.
AGREE OR DISAGREE???

A Global South country

is characterized by a
poor nation.
GLOBAL SOUTH
- is a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product
of Western imagination (Claudio, 2014)
- refers to the socio-economic and political divide
primarily focused on the southern hemisphere of the
1569-designed Mercatorian map
- these nation-states are deemed to be not aligned with
nation-states located in the northern hemisphere that
adhere to fair labor practices, rights, free trade,
reduced tariffs, and policies on sustainable development
- also connotes developing countries as opposed to rich,
industrialized, and wealthy nations
GLOBAL NORTH
- the home of all members of the Group of Eight
(G8)
-abode of the four powerful permanent
members of the UN Security Council
- refers to the developed countries in Asia,
Australia, and New Zealand
- continues to be imagined and re-imagined by
those who dominate it even as movements from
below reshape these constructions through
resistance
III. Conceptions of Global Relations
Major Premise:
The underdevelopment of certain states/peoples
and their lack of representation in global
political process is a reality.
Prevalent: Imbalances of aggregate economic
and political power between states.
Spaces of underdevelopment in developed
countries may mirror the poverty of the global
south, and spaces of affluence in the developing
world mirror those of the global north.
The global south is everywhere, but it can also be
somewhere, and that somewhere is located at
the intersection of entangled political
geographies of dispossession and repossession.
 REALISM

- States are motivated by a drive for power and

pursuit of the “national interest”
- The lack of central sovereign authority to
regulate relations between states means
conflict is an ever-present reality
- State must always prepare for war
- Niccolo Machiavelli/ Thomas Hobbes
LIBERALISM
- Immanuel Kant/Adam Smith/ David Ricardo/ Jeremy
Bentham/John Stuart Mill/John Maynard Keynes
- Liberals have faith in the possibility of global
cooperation and interdependence and suggest that all
states can achieve their aims if they abandon the
purely selfish notion of self-help
- States, NGOs, MNCs and international financial
institutions are actors of international relations
 MARXISM

- Karl Marx
- Emphasizes the economic inequalities fostered
by capitalism and the vulnerability of
developing nations to developed, industrialized
states
 POST -MODERNISM
- Political radicalism among dissatisfied groups such as
student protesters, feminists, environmentalists and the gay
liberationists
- Friedrich Nietzsche / Michael Heidegger /Michel Foucault/
Jacques Derrida
- 1980s
- Human values, beliefs and actions vary according to the
wider social and cultural context. There are no
characteristics or values which have universal applicability.
The behavior/action of people can only be understood and
judged in terms of specific cultural meanings and contexts.
Global economic integration is not only
inevitable given the rise of new technologies;
it is more importantly, a normative
international goal. Not to partake to
globality is backward.
Civilization Discourse: Dominant ideology of
colonialism and the logic that shaped the
birth of the international order.
Modernization Theory (Walt Rostow): outlined
historical progress in terms of a society’s
capacity to produce and consume material
goods.
-Stages of economic growth model
- Traditional, Pre-conditions for take –off, take
off, Drive to maturity, and Age of mass
consumption
Clash of Civilization (Samuel Huntington): A
clash of civilization is the main conflict in the
post-cold world war.
End of History (Francis Fukuyama): The
complete triumph of western capitalism and
liberalism turns the west into the telos
(ultimate end) of political organization, which
all must aspire to.
The Lexus (Thomas Friedman): Global
progress seen in terms of a binary between
embracing free trade and being left behind by
the pace of international economic and
technological developments. The alternative
to Lexus is stagnation, making injunction to
globalize as imperative in the quest for global
modernity.
CHALLENGING THE COLONIAL ORDER

Lenin: Capitalism’s strength is premised on the

creation of new market via imperialism
It was through associating imperialism with
capitalism that the international left made an
end of unfriendly relations with the
nationalism with the colonized world.
CHALLENGING THE COLONIAL ORDER

Sukarno: Colonialism has also its modern dress,

in the form of economic control, intellectual
control, actual physical control by a small but
alien community within a nation. It is a
skillful and determined enemy. It appears in
many guises.
CHALLENGING THE COLONIAL ORDER

Third Worldism: Began as common resistance

to new forms of colonialism.
ACTIVITY: