ENERGY FROM

TIDES AND WAVES

-- Dr. P. S. Kulkarni
Electrical Engineering Department,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology
[Deemed University],
Nagpur 440 010, INDIA
(e-mail : pskulkarni@eee.vnit.ac.in).

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FAQs
 What is Tidal / Wave Energy?
 How Tidal / Wave Energy is generated?
 What are the current developments in the
Tidal / Wave Energy technology?
 What are the difficulties in Energy
Conversion process?
 How is the Energy stored?
 What is the Impact on the Environment ?. . .

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Renewable Resources: Sources of

Energy that are virtually Inexhaustible and
Pollution-free.
Role of Renewable Energy (RE)
 Meeting energy demand, Enhancing energy
security, Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and, as a result, contributing to
Sustainable Development.

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Energy for Sustainable
Development
 Sustainable development demands a sustainable
supply of energy resources that in the long term, is
readily and sustainably available at reasonable cost in
the country.

 Sustainable development could only be achieved by

provision of high quality and environmentally
responsible energy on time, at a reasonable price.

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Global Estimated Energy
Consumption (in 10 ^ 15 kWh)
Country 1990 A.D. 2000 A.D. 2010 A.D.
United States 40 80 160
Germany 10 20 40
Canada 10 20 40
France 8 20 40
Japan 7 15 35
India 5 15 40
U.K. 5 10 25
Others 50 150 300
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INDIAN POWER SCENARIO
 Second highest global population
 Ranked as the sixth largest energy consumer in the
world
 Need $170 billion for generation and transmission
projects to meet power demand by 2012.
 Natural Gas - Preferred fuel
 Wind Power to make a contribution of as much as
20,000 MW to the fuel mix.
 Nuclear Power is also a critical element of the
government’s strategy to avoid dependence on
energy imports in the future.

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INDIAN POWER SCENARIO
Installed Gen. Capacity : As on (31.3.04)

 Steam (72 %) 79,838 MW

 Hydro (26 %) 29,500 MW
 Nuclear (02 %) 2,720 MW
---------------------------------------------------
Total : 1,12,058 MW
---------------------------------------------------
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Modewise Gen. of Electricity in India (As on
31.3.04)

 Thermal (84 %) 4,66,618 GWh

 Hydro (13 %) 73,796 GWh
 Nuclear (03 %) 17,720 GWh
---------------------------------------------------------
Total : 5,58,134 GWh
---------------------------------------------------------

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SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

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Ocean Energy Systems
 Energy conversion technologies that harness
the energy in tides, waves, and thermal
gradients in the oceans.
 OTEC : Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion:
The process or technologies for producing
energy by harnessing the temperature
differences (thermal gradients) between
ocean surface waters and that of ocean
depths. OTEC plants are used in both Japan,
and in Hawaii, Atlantic coast in some
demonstration projects.

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Suitability of site for Tidal Power
Plant
 The tidal range R should be large.
 The storage area should be large.
 The site should allow the development
of the necessary plant for reasonable
cost.
 It should be environmentally acceptable.

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Tidal Energy
 The tides offer a source of energy because of
the potential energy of the raised tide water
or the kinetic energy of tidal stream.
 Tidal Energy is a Renewable Energy.
 Tidal Energy is a form of Hydro Energy
recurring with every tide. Tide is a
periodic rise and fall of the water level of sea
which is carried by the gravitational attraction
between the earth, the sun and the moon.
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Principle of Tidal Power
 A tidal power plant works on the principle
of a dam or barrage that captures water
in a basin at the peak of a tidal flow, then
directs the water through a hydroelectric
turbine as the tide ebbs.
 Tidal Power is proportional to square of
Tidal Range ‘R’.

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Tidal Power

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Relative high and low tides showing variation in range during lunar month

12h, 25m

New moon First quarter Full moon Third quarter New moon

29.5 d

Spring tide Neap tide Spring tide Neap tide Spring tide

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Important Terms
 Spring Tide: Tide when the tidal range is maximum
on full moon and new moon.
 Neap Tide: Tide when the tidal range is minimum on
first quarter and third quarter moon.
 Diurnal Tide : Tide occurring during the daytime than
at night; Daily.
 Tidal Range (m): Diff. betn consecutive high tide and
low tide water levels.
 Dam — A structure for impeding and controlling the
flow of water in a water course, and which increases
the water elevation to create the hydraulic head. The
reservoir creates, in effect, stored energy.

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Important Terms
 Barrage: A Dam. Barrages are usually of
smaller heights than the dams. Barrage is
designed for lesser head of water.
 Ebb Tide: Tide associated with decreasing
level of water.
 Estuary: 1) A part of river or stream which is
influenced by tide in the main sea. 2) Mouth
of river where river current meets the tidal
current.
 Sluice Way: Passage-way (gated) or artificial
channel to let water through.
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 Gravitational effect of the Sun and the Moon on tidal range

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Tidal Power Plants in World
 1966 – At La Rance Estuary (France*)
 (240 MW, 24 units of Bulb Turbine, Mean ‘R’ = 8.4 m; Max. ‘R’
=13.5 m; Effective ‘A’ = 20 sq. km;
 Basin vol.=1.84x108 sq.m., Turbine Dia. = 7.6 m)
 Bay of Fundy Betn. USA and Canada (16 MW)*
 Kislaya inlet on the Barents sea in the USSR
(< 500 kW)*
 The English Channel

* :Power plants in operation

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Bulb type Turbine Plants
 Axial-flow tur. –Propeller / Kaplan with
Hor. Shaft.
 High Hyd. Eff.
 Low Inertia
 Stable operation
 Low Average Temp.
 High Generator Losses
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FOUR POSSIBLE SITES IN INDIA

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   The estimated potential of important Renewable Sources
of  Energy in West   Bengal

  Sl. No.          Sources/Systems          Potential

     1. Biogas Plants (Nos.)       0.7 Million
      2. Improved Chulhas (Nos)         6.6 Million
      3. Biomass Based Power         200 MW
      4. Solar Energy         20 MW per sq. K.M.
      5. Wind Energy         115 MW
     6. Small Hydro Power        250  MW
     7.    Tidal  Power        100 MW
     8. Urban & Industrial Wastes            250 MW     

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 Renewable  Energy  Power  Projects  in  the   pipeline
In West Bengal

   1.     Tidel   Power   Plants   3 MW

   2.    Biomass   Based   Power    Plants   1 MW
   3.    Wind   Power   Generation    2  MW
   4.    Small   Hydel   Power    Generation    12  MW
   5.    Solar   PV  Power   Generation    400 MW

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Tidal Energy Conversion
Schemes
 Single Basin Schemes:1 or 2 effect
scheme
 Modified Single Effect Scheme
 Two Basin Scheme
 Multiple Basin Scheme
 Pumped Water Storage Scheme

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 Gravitational Attraction

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Tidal Energy
 The gravitational force F between two bodies (say
between sun and a water molecule on the earth) is
given by
where KMm
F 2
(1)
M = mass of sun r
m = mass of water molecule
r = distance betn. sun and water molecule, m
K = gravitational constant.

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Tidal Energy
 The tides arise twice a day.
 The difference in Potential Energy during High tide
and Low Tide is Tidal Energy.
 The tides are rhythmic but not constant, nor do they
occur on a regular daily schedule. Their occurrence is
due to a balance of forces, mainly the gravitational
force of the moon but also that of the sun, both
acting together with that of the earth to balance the
centrifugal force on the water due to the earth’s
rotation. The result is the rhythmic rise and fall of
water.
 The tides are characterized by their schedule and
range ‘R’ (m).

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Tides

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SINGLE BASIN TIDAL SCHEME

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SINGLE BASIN TIDAL SCHEME
SINGLE BASIN TIDAL SCHEME

SINGLE EBB CYCLE SYSTEM SINGLE TIDE CYCLE SYSTEM

Disadvantages:
 Needs Small Size Plant

 Operation over a longer period

 Energy Generated = 1.5 * Energy (Tide Cycle System)

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 Ebb generating system with a bulb turbine

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 Bulb Turbine

Rim Turbine
(Straflo turbine used at Annapolis Royal TPP)

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OCEAN AND POOL LEVELS AND POWER GENERATED IN A SIMPLE
SINGLE-POOL TIDAL SYSTEM.

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AVERAGE POWER Pav
For a tidal range ‘R’, and an intermediate head ‘h’ at a given time
during the emptying process, the differential work done by the
water is equal to its potential energy at the time, or

g
dW  dm h (1)
gc
but dm   A dh ( 2)
g
so that dW    A h dh (3)
gc
where

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AVERAGE POWER Pav

W  work done by the water, J

g  gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m s 2
g c  conversion factor, 1.0 kg N.s 2  
m  mass flowing through turbine, kg
h  head, m
  water density, kg m 3
A  surface area of pool, considered cons tan t , sq.m

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 AVERAGE POWER Pav
The total theoretical work during a full
emptying (or filling) period is obtained by
integrating Eq. (3) as
0 0
g
W   dW    A  h dh
R
gc R

1 g
W  A R2 (4)
2 gc

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AVERAGE POWER Pav
Thus the work is proportional to the range to
the power 2. the power generated during each
of the above periods is equal to W divided by
the time duration of that period. Zero power is
generated during the rest of the time. The
average theoretical power delivered by the
water is W divided by the total time it takes
each period to repeat itself, or 6h, 12.5m, or
22,350 s. Thus

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 AVERAGE POWER Pav
1 1 g 1 g
Pav  x  A R2   A R2 (5)
22350 2 g c 44700 g c
where Pav  average theoretical power, W

Assuming an average seawater density of 1025 kg/m3,

the average theoretical power per unit pool area would be given by
Pav
 0.225 R 2 W / m2 (6)
A

The actual power generated by a real tidal system would be less than the
above because of frictional losses and inefficiencies in the turbines and
electric generators and might only be 25-30 % of the above.

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POWER GENERATED AT BAY OF FUNDY

A  13000 km 2
R 8 m
Assu min g Efficiency  27.5%
Pav  0.225 x R 2 x A x eff .
Pav  0.225 x 8 2 x 13000 x 0.275  51480 MW

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Problems
 Prob. 1: The basin area of a tidal power
plant is 20 x106 m2. The tidal range is 8 m.
Calculate the energy generated in kwh.
 Soln:
A  20 x 10 6 m 2
R 8 m
Pav  0.225 x R 2 x A  0.225 x 8 2 x 20 x 10 6  288 x 10 6 W
E  Pav x 3600
E  10.368 x 10 8 kWh

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Problems
 Prob. 2: A tidal power plant of the simple single basin type,
has a basin area of 30 x 106 m2. The tide has a range of 12 m.
The turbine, however, stops operating when the head on it falls
below 3 m. Calculate the energy generated in one filling (or
emptying) process, in kWh if the turbine-gen. efficiency is 0.73.
 Soln :
The total theoretical work W is given by
r
W   dW
where, R

R is the range =12 m.

r is the head below which turbine stops operating = 3 m.

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Problems
r r
W    g  A h dh  g  A  h dh 
1
2

g  A R2  r2 
R R

Thus the average power Pav 

W


g  A R2  r2 
time 44700

1
44700

x 9.81 x 1025 x 30 x 10 6 x 12 2  3 2 
 911.04 x 10 6 W
911.04 x 10 6
Energy generated  x 3600  3279.7 x 10 6 kWh
1000
Considering turbine  generator efficiency,
Energy generated  3279.7 x 10 6 x 0.73 kWh  2394.18 x 10 6 kWh

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SINGLE POOL SINGLE EFFECT
TIDAL SCHEME

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SINGLE POOL DOUBLE
EFFECT TIDAL SCHEME

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DOUBLE BASIN PAIRED BASIN
SCHEME

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DOUBLE BASIN LINKED BASIN
SCHEME

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TWO BASIN SCHEME
 It involves additional investment into civil
structures and equipment. In addition, the power
generating efficiency of the plant which is directly
prop. to the basin area decreases by one half
when the basin area is halved.

 Although uninterrupted power generation would

be possible, the natural capacity varies by 2 or 3
times, a phenomenon which cannot be obviated.

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Tidal Energy Storage

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Environmental Impacts
 Tidal energy systems can have
environmental impacts on tidal basins
because of reduced tidal flow and silt
buildup.

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