C-CF CDMA2000 Principle-20071030-A-3.0

Security Level:
C-CF CDMA2000 Principle

ISSUE 3.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

Objectives
After this presentation, you will be familiar with:
The development of mobile communication system

The structure of CDMA2000 network
The techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving,
scrambling, spreading and modulation etc.

power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
 Long code, short code and Walsh code
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 4 CDMA Number Planning

Development of Mobile Communications
Introduction
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)
GSM
UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95
Voice to Broadband CDMA
Analog to Digital
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC
3G provides:
 Complete integrated service
solutions
 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS
Transmission Techniques
Introduction
CDMA Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
Power
code and transmitted over
y the same frequency band,
e nc
Tim
e qu for example, WCDMA and
e Fr
CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
cy example, DAMPS and GSM
Tim uen
q
e Fre
Us
e
FDMA Us ser r
U
Us er
Us er
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users,for example,
er
n cy AMPS and TACS
Tim que
e
e Fr

Standards for 3G Introduction
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD mode TDD mode

Development of CDMA Introduction
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95A IS95B  Heavier voice

115.2kbps service capacity ;
9.6kbps CDMA2000
 Longer period of 1X EV
standby time
1995 1998
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003
 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity
 Higher packet data rate and more diversified services
 Smooth transit to 3G

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block CDMA Channel CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Validity Channel
Designator
Number
A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330
B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320
A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820
B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310
The transmit frequency for Base Station is calculated by:
F=870+N*0.03
And for Base Station is :

The interval between Forward and Reverse link is
F=825+N*0.03
45MHz
N: CDMA Channel Number

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000
Introduction
Band Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1
Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

Channel Channel
Designator
Validity Number
A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750
The transmit frequency for Base Station is calculated by:
F=1930+N*0.05
And for Base Station is : The interval between Forward and Reverse link is
F=1850+N*0.05 80MHz
N: CDMA Channel Number

CDMA2000 1X Network Structure
Introduction
A1(Signaling)
A2(Traffic)
Abis
A3(Signaling &
Traffic)
A7(Singaling)
A11(Signaling)
A10(Traffic)
MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR :Home Location Register VLR: Visitor Location Register
PCF: Packet data Control Function PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
HA: Home Agent FA: Foreign Agent
SCP: Service Control Point Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service

Course Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface

Correlation
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
+1
Correlation 100% so the

-1 functions are parallel
+1
(a)
-1
+1
-1
Correlation 0% so the
+1 functions are orthogonal
(b)

Orthogonal Function CDMA Techniques & Technologies
 Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences

are orthogonal if their “XOR” output contains equal number of 1’s
and -1’s
EXAMPLE:
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Information spreading over orthogonal codes

Signal 1 


Spreading 
Sequence 1 

Spreading 
Signal 1 

Signal 2 


Spreading 

Sequence 2

Spreading 

Signal 2


Spreading Signal 
1+2 


Information recovery-Signal 1 CDMA Techniques & Technologies


1+2 

Spreading 

Sequence 1 


De-Spreading 1 



Output – Signal 1 


Information recovery-Signal 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies


1+2 


Spreading 
Sequence 2 


De-Spreading 2 



Output – Signal 2 


Spreading and De-spreading CDMA Techniques & Technologies
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
S（f） S（f）
information
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading
S（f） S（f）
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading
information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

Signal flow CDMA Techniques & Technologies
RF
Source Convolution
Interleaving Scrambling Spreading Modulation transmission
coding &
Interleaving
Decovolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding Deinterleaving

Common Technical Terms
 Bit, Symbol, Chip:

 A bit is the input data which contain information
 A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block
interleaving
 A chip is the output of spreading
 Processing Gain:
 Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
 The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
 Forward direction: Information path from base station to mobile station
 Reverse direction: Information path from mobile station to base station

Source Coding CDMA Techniques & Technologies
 Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
 Characteristics
Support voice activity
In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces
its transmission power.

Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
10000010
11011000 1110100010101100
Output (symbols)
Input
11101110
(bits)
convolution encoder

Turbo Code
Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

 Characteristics of the Turbo code:
 The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
 The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but also
by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution code.

Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ? ? ? ? 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 ? 4 5 6 7 8
IL De-IL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 transfer 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 2 ? 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 2 ? 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 1 2 ? 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 ? ? ? ? 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Non-Interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The direction of the data stream

Scrambling (M) sequence
0 0 1
1 1 0
Out
 Two parts:
 Number of the shift register (N)

 Mask
 Period: The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits
 quasi-orthogonal Only sequence offset is change when the mask is changed

 Pseudorandom: PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence

Long Code
 The long code is a PN sequence with period of 2 42-1chips
 The functions of a long code:
 Scramble the forward CDMA channel

 Control the insertion of power control bit
 Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the
mobile stations

Short Code
 Short code is a PN sequence with period of 2 15 chips
 Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different
sectors
PNc
PNb
PNa
Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN

offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (2 15/64=512).

Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Wn Wn W1=0 0 0 0 0
Walsh code W2n= 0 1 0 1
Wn Wn 0 0 W4 =
W2= 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and each Walsh

code is orthogonal to other.
A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the position and m is
the order. For example, W24 means 0101 code in W4 matrix
In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code

Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link

Walsh Code CDMA Techniques & Technologies
 In forward direction, each symbol is spread with Walsh code
 Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in forward link
 For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one Walsh

code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the output after spreading
is W5164 (110011=51).
 For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define the type of
channel (RC 3-9)

Variable Walsh codes
The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000
( W016 ,W816)
W04 =0000
64 W48 =00001111
W02 =00 ( W416 ,W1216 )
W28 =00110011
( W216 ,W1416 )
W68 =00111100
W01 =0 W24 =0011 ( W616 ,W1416 )
32
W18 =01010101
W14 =0101 ( W116 ,W916 )
W58 =01011010
16 ( W516 ,W1316 )
8
W38 =01100110
4
2 W12 =01 ( W316 ,W1116 )
1
9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78 =01101001

W34 =0110 ( W716,W1516 )
Data rate -bps-

Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
I Baseband filter
s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system
After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted
into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.

Power Control
Handoff
Diversity and RAKE

Power Control
Reverse power control
Open loop power control

Closed loop power control
− Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
− Outer loop power control
Forward power control
Message transmission mode:

− threshold transmission
− periodic transmission
Closed loop power control

.

Reverse Open Loop Power Control CDMA Techniques & Technologies
• The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by

the following factors:
 Distance from the base station
 Load of the cell
 Circumstance of the code channels
• The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.
BTS
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control
BTS
Mobile BTS
Transmitting
Power

Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value FER Value

BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control

Forward Power Control

Message Transmission Mode
 MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station to the
result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical mode. Base station
determines whether to change the forward transmitting power or not.
Fast power control Power Control Bit
 CDMA2000 uses
forward quick
power control. Eb/Nt Value
BTS

Handoff CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector
Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between multi-
sectors in the same base station
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or
are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data
communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user
communication

Soft/Softer Handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs
Power received from

a single sector
Combine all the

power from each
sector

Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
Active The pilot set, corresponding to the base

Set station being connected
Candidate The pilot set, not in the active set but

Set potential to be demodulated
Neighbor The pilot set, not included in the active set or

Set the candidate set but being possible to be
added in the candidate set
Remaining
Other pilot sets
Set

T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
Sector
A Sector
B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold
(T_ADD)
DropThreshold
(T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region
Time
T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_DROP is a timer.

Comparison Threshold CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Pilot strength Pilot P0
Pilot P2
T_COMP×0.5dB
Pilot P1
T_ADD
t0 t1 t2
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.

P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
Transition Between Pilot Sets CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Pilot
strength
Pilot 1 Pilot 2
T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_DROP
1 2 3 4 5 6 TIME
Neighbor Candidate Active Neighbor

Set Set Set Set

Transmit Diversity CDMA Techniques & Technologies
 Time diversity
 Block interleaving, error-correction
 Frequency diversity
 The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole 1.23MHZ

bandwidth.
 Space diversity
 The introduction of twin receive antennas .

 The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base station can
combine the signals of different time delay.
 During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base stations
and searches for the strongest frame

Transmission Diversity
 The forward transmission diversity types in CDMA2000 1X are
 TD (Transmit Diversity)
− OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)
▪ The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be spread by the
orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted by two antennas.
− STS (Space Time Spreading)
▪ All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-antennas.
▪ Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code
 Non-TD

The Principle of RAKE Receiver CDMA Techniques & Technologies
Correlator 1
Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)
t t
RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system

Course Contents
Chapter 3 CDMA Air interface

CDMA Air Interface
Physical Channel in IS-95A
Forward channel
 Forward Pilot Channel
 Forward Sync Channel
 Forward Paging Channel
 Forward Traffic Channel (including power control sub-channel)
Reverse channel
 Access Channel
 Reverse Traffic Channel

CDMA Air Interface
Pilot Channel
pilot channel’s function:
 Assist mobile station to be connected with CDMA network
 Handles multi-path searching
 Provide the phase reference for coherent demodulation and help the mobile station
estimate the transmission power
 The mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel powers from the base
stations during the handoff
W064
Pilot channel
(all-zeros)
Forward pilot channel is spread over W0 and modulated with short code directly
BTS transmits the pilot channel continuously

CDMA Air Interface
Sync Channel
Code Repetitive W3264
To QPSK coder
symbol code
Convolution symbol
encoder symbol Block
repetition interleaving
1.2kbps r=1/2,K=9 2.4kbps 4.8kbps 4.8kbps
 The sync channel is used by the mobile station to synchronize with the network. W 32 is
used to spread Sync Channel.
 The synchronization message includes:
− Pilot PN sequence offset: PILOT_PN
− System time: SYS_TIME
− Long code state: LC_STATE
− Paging channel rate: P_RAT
 Here note that, sync channel rate is 1200bps

CDMA Air Interface
Paging Channel
 The paging channel transmits:
− System parameters message

− Access parameters
− Neighbors list
− CDMA channels list message
 The paging channel accomplishes:
− Paging to MS
− Assign traffic channel to MS
 The frame length of a paging channel is 20ms
 W1 ~ W7 are spared for the Paging Channels spreading

Initialization of the MS CDMA Air Interface
 Search Frequency, Capture Pilot Channel, PN code synchronization
 Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE, SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.
 Long Code synchronization
 Holding at Paging Channel, receiving the system messages
 Launch a call at Access Channel
l
ha nne
e s sc a nn el
Acc i l o t ch nel
P an
us ch
h r on o
a n nel
c h
Syn i n gc
Pag
BTS

CDMA Air Interface
CDMA2000 Forward Channel
Forward CDMA2000 channel
F-CACH F-CPCCH F-PICH F-CCCH F-SYNCH F-TCH F-BCH F-PCH F-QPCH
F-PICH F-TDPICH F-APICH F-ATDPICH
F-PC F-SCCH F-SCH

F-DCCH F-FCH
subchannel (RC1~2) (RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in Huawei
equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PC, F-SCCH, F-PCH
are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss F-SCH, F-QPCH F-DCCH
in the following slides.
Forward channel CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)
Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC) These channels are compatible
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH) with IS-95 system
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH) These channels are newly
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH) defined in CDMA2000 system.
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
Dedicated physical channel:
Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of
channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.

F-QPCH CDMA Air Interface
 It transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by MS simply

and rapidly.
 The channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is divided into
paging indicators, configuration change indicators and broadcast
indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the MS whether to receive
paging message, broadcast message or system parameters in the next F-
PCH.
 Rapid and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH for long

time, so the standby time is prolonged.

CDMA Air Interface
F-SCH
 F-SCH is typically used for high speed data applications, while F-

FCH is used for common voice and low speed data application.
 When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will be allocated to

the user. If the speed of data for user exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH
will be allocated.

F-DCCH CDMA Air Interface
 It is used for the transmission of specific user signaling

information during a call.
 Each forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
 Support 5ms frame.
 Support discontinuous transmission.

Forward Radio Configuration (RC) CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/2 No Conv. BPSK
2** 1 14.4 3/4 No Conv BPSK
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
8 3 460.8 1/4 or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
9 3 1036.8 1/2or 1/3 Yes Conv and Turbo QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC):
A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.

Reverse Channel CDMA Air Interface
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-TCH R-EACH R-TCH

R-ACH operation R-CCCH operation
operation operation
(RC1~2) (RC3~6)
R-FCH R-PICH R-PICH R-PICH
0~7 0~1
R-EACH R-CCCH
R-SCCH R-DCCH
0~1
R-FCH
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei equipment. 0~2
The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH are the same as those in R-SCH
IS95. We will only discuss R-PICH in the following slides. R-PC

subchannel

Types of Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
 Reverse channel includes reverse common channel and reverse
dedicated channel.
 Reverse common channel:
 Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
 Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
 Reverse Dedicated Channel
 Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
 Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
 Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)

R-PICH CDMA Air Interface
Pilot( all '0's)

Reverse Pilot Channel
MUX A
Power Control Bit
 The Function of Reverse Pilot Channel

 Initialization
 Tracing
Power
Pilot
Control
 Reverse Coherent Demodulation
 Power Control Measurement 384 NPN Chips
 Base station enhances the received Power Control Group

= 1536 NPN Chips
performance and increases the capacity by
means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse
N is the Spreading Rate number
Pilot Channel.

Reverse Channels CDMA Air Interface
 Fundamental Channel:
 Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user information
to the base station during a call, and can be used to transmit defaulted
voice services as an independent Traffic Channel.
 Dedicated Control Channel
 The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of user

and signaling information to a base station during a call.
 Supplemental Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
 These channels are used for the transmission of user information,

mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel contains
up to two supplemental channels and up to seven supplemental code
channels.

Reverse Radio Configuration (RC) CDMA Air Interface
Radio Spreading Max Data Rate* Effective FEC OTD

FEC Encoding Modulation
Configuration Rate (kbps) Code Rate Allowed
1** 1 9.6 1/3 No Conv 64-ary ortho

2** 1 14.4 1/2 No Conv 64-ary ortho
3 1 153.6 1/4 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(307.2) (1/2)
4 1 230.4 3.8 Yes Conv or Turbo BPSK
(614.4) (1/3)
(1036.8) (1/2)
RC: Radio Configuration
RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X
RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x
** Same
HUAWEI as IS95
TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 61
CDMA Air Interface
RC Combination Regulation
 RC1 and RC2 corresponds respectively to F-FCH RCs R-FCH RCs

rate set 1 and rate set 2 in IS- 95A/B system.
RC 1 RC 1
RC 2 RC 2
 CDMA2000 Forward RC: RC1~RC5
RC 3
Reverse RC: RC1~RC4 RC 3
RC 4
 Rules: RC 5 RC 4
 Forward RC1, Reverse RC1

F-DCCH/SCHRCs R-DCCH/SCHRCs
RC 3
 Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3 RC 3
RC 4
RC 5 RC 4

Course Contents
Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface

Definition of Coverage Areas CDMA Number Planning
Service area
PLMN area
MSC area
Location area
Cell area
Sector
area

Parameters Involved CDMA Number Planning
In a CDMA system, the following parameters are defined to

identify a user and his location:
 MIN/IMSI
 MDN
 ESN
 TLDN
 SID/NID
 LAI
 GCI

MIN/IMSI CDMA Number Planning
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example, 0907550001/460030907550001

MDN CDMA Number Planning
CC + MAC + H 0H 1H 2H 3 + ABCD
International mobile subscriber DN
National valid mobile subscriber number
Mobile directory number

For example, 8613307550001

ESN CDMA Number Planning
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single

MS. An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:
31......24 23......18 17......0 bit

Manufacturer’s number retained equipment SN
For example, FD 03 78 0A (the 10th Motorola 378 mobile phone)
The equipment serial number is allocated by a manufacturer.

TLDN CDMA Number Planning
CC + MAC + 44 + H 0H 1H 2 + ABC
Temporary local directory number
For example, 8613344755001

CDMA Number Planning
SID/NID
MSCID (Exchange Identity)
= System Identity (SID) + Exchange number (SWIN)
is used to represent a certain set of equipment in an

NSS network. For example,
Unicom CDMA Shenzhen MSC is labeled as 3755+01

Location Area Identity (LAI)
 PAGING message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which depends on
traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.
 Format: MCC+MNC+LAC
 MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.

 MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of
Unicom is 03.
 LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.
0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
 For example, 460030100

Global Cell Identity (GCI)
 The unique ID of a cell in PLMN

 Format: LAI+CI
 CI: Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code, pre defined
by the engineering department. The first 3 digits and the last digit
represent the base station number and the sector number
respectively. For an omni-directional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
 For example, 4600301001230 shows base station number 123
contains an omni-directional site

Voice Channel Routing
TSI international
office
TMSC1
TMSC1
TMSC2
MSC MSC

Signaling Route
Level 1 HSTP&LSTP
Level 2
Level 3 SP

Example of Signaling Network
Route from an LSTP to the LSTP not located in this macro cell
H1 in H1 in L1 in
L1 in
Chengdu Shanghai Fuzhou
Chongqin
MSC in
HLR in
Fuzhou
Chongqin
H2 in H2 in L2 in
L2 in
Chongqin Shanghai Fuzhou
Chongqin
HLR in Chongqin to MSC in Fujian (two LSTPs

respectively at the transmit end and receive end)

Summary
 Brief Development History of Mobile Communication
 Analog--digital--code division
 3 standards for 3G systems
 Technical features of CDMA

 Key technologies: power control, soft handoff,RAKE receiver
 Other technologies: source coding, channel coding, interleaving,
scrambling, spreading and modulation
 Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and
service

Questions
 What power control modes are there in CDMA2000 system
and how are they implemented?
 Describe the soft handoff process?
 Describe the initialization process of a mobile phone?
 What are the functions of a long code, short code and Walsh
code in CDMA system?

Thank you!
www.huawei.com

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential

After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

The development of mobile communication system

The techniques used by CDMA system including:

source coding, channel coding, interleaving,

scrambling, spreading and modulation etc.

 Long code, short code and Walsh code

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

Chapter 2: CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3: CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4 CDMA Number Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 3

1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation

CDMA Traffic channels: different

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 5

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 6

IS95A IS95B  Heavier voice

 Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity

 Higher packet data rate and more diversified services

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 7

Band Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Block CDMA Channel CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(10MHz) Valid 1-311 825.030-834.330 870.030-879.330

B(10MHz) Valid 356-644 835.680-844.320 880.680-889.320

A’(1.5MHz) Valid 689-694 845.670-845.820 890.670-890.820

B’(2.5MHz) Valid 739-777 847.170-848.310 892.170-893.310

The transmit frequency for Base Station is calculated by:

And for Base Station is :

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 8

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)

Block CDMA CDMA Mobile Station Base Station

A(15MHz) Valid 25-275 1851.250-1863.750 1931.250-1943.750

D(5MHz) Valid 325-375 1866.250-1868.750 1946.250-1948.750

B(15MHz) Valid 425-675 1871.250-1883.750 1951.250-1963.750

E(5MHz) Valid 725-775 1886.250-1888.750 1966.250-1968.750

F(5MHz) Valid 825-875 1891.250-1893.750 1971.250-1973.750

C(15MHz) Valid 925-1175 1896.250-1908.750 1976.250-1988.750

The transmit frequency for Base Station is calculated by:

N: CDMA Channel Number

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 10

Chapter 2 CDMA Techniques & Technologies

Chapter 3 CDMA Air Interface

Chapter 4 CDMA Number Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 11

Correlation 100% so the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 12

 Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 15

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 16

information pulse interference White noise

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 17

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 18

 Bit, Symbol, Chip: