Activity 1

The
Skeletal and Muscular
System
 The
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
The support structure for your body
Parts of the Skeletal
System

There are 206 bones in the body,

but not all are
major bones involved in movement
The major bones involved in movement (from the head down) include:

1. Skull (group of bones) 9. Radius

2. Mandible 10. Ulna
3. Vertebral column 11. Carpals (group of bones)
1. cervical 12. Meta-Carpals
2. thoracic 13. Phalanges (1)
3. lumbar 14. Pelvic Girdle or Pelvis (group of bones)
4. sacral 15. Femur
5. coccyx 16. Patella
4. Clavicle 17. Tibia
5. Scapula 18. Fibula
6. Sternum 19. Tarsals (group of bones)
7. Costals (ribs) 20. Meta-tarsals
8. Humerous 21. Phalanges (2)

Each of these bones join to at least one other through a synovial

joint, which allows for movement.
The major bones involved in movement are also each
classified into a type/s of bone.

 Long Bone  Flat bones

 Short bones  Irregular bones

 Sesamoid bone
 Long Bone
Long bones have the classical bone shape, and are narrow and long. By
definition they must be longer than they are wide. Long bones are often
the major bones involved in movement and also function to support
weight. Examples of long bones include the:
Short bones are roughly as wide as they are long and function
to provide stability. They are one of the other major bones
involved in movement, but only provide for limited
movement. Examples of short bones include the:

Clavicle Carpals
Humerous Tarsals
Radius Patella
Ulna
Meta-carpals
Phalanges
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Meta-tarsals
 Flat Bones
Late bones have a flattened surface and function to act as a shield
protecting vital organs in the body. They also exist at joints, where
they provide the “base” for movement to occur from. Examples of
flat bones include the:
Irregular Bones
Irregular bones are classified as such because of their irregular
shape. Often irregular bones provide very limited amounts of
movement and often provide protection for vital organs.
Examples of irregular bones include the:

Skull Mandibule
Sternum Vertebra
Costals (ribs) Sacrum
Scapula, and
Pelvic girdle (pelvis)
 Sesamoid Bones

Sesamoid bones are embedded in tendons and help to protect the tendon from wear and
tear. They are often found in the muscles of the hands and feet, however, the only one
you need to know is the patella.
 Structure and function of
synovial joints
The structure and function of synovial joints is our second dash point under the
skeletal system. The skeletal system has a number of different joint types, for example
there are fibrous joints and there are cartilaginous joints.
Structure of synovial joints
There are 6 different types of synovial joints:

1. Plane (Inter-Tarsal joints) – allows limited gliding movements

2. Hinge (Elbow) – allows movements along one axis for flexion
or extension
3. Pivot (C1 to C2 vertebral joint) – allows rotational movements
and some bending
4. Ellipsoid/Condyloid (Radius to carpal joint – wrist) –
allows movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction, and circumduction.
5. Saddle (base of the thumb) – allows same movements as the
condyloid but with no axial rotation.
6. Ball-and-socket (Hip) – allows movement through three planes
(flexion, extension; abduction, adduction; rotation) and is the
most mobile of the synovial joints
 The
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
Muscles are the only organs in the body with the ability
to contract and, therefore, their main function is to
provide or cause movement.
 Parts of the
Muscular System

The major muscles involved in movement

are skeletal muscle. These muscles connect
to bone and often go across joints, although
some join bone to bone across large areas.
Major Muscles Involved in Movement – Anterior

 Arm  Abdomen
• Deltoids • Rectus abdominis
• Biceps brachii • External obliques
• Brachio-radialis • Internal obliques (deep)
• flexor-carpi-radialis • Transverse abdominis (deep)
• Palmaris longus  Legs
 Chest • Satorius
• Pectoralis major • Psoas
• Serratus anterior • Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus
• Intercostals medialis, Vastus lateralis, Vastus
intermedius
• Tibialis anterior
Muscles Involved in Movement – Posterior

 Arms  Legs
• Deltoid • Gluteus Maximus
• Triceps • Hamstrings (biceps femoris,
• Flexor-carpi-ulnaris semitendinosus, semimembranosus)
• Extensor-carpi-radialis • Adductor magnus
longus • Gracilis
• Extensor digitorum • Gastrocnemius
 Back • Soleus
• Trapezius  
• Rhomboids
• Teres major
• Latissimus dorsi
• Erector spinae (deep)
 Major joint actions caused by the major muscles
involved in movement.
Arms Back Chest
-Deltoid – abduction, medial rotation, and -Trapezius – elevation, adduction
-Pectoralis major – medial rotations,
extension of the shoulder and depression of the scapula
adduction, and flexion of
-Triceps – extension of the elbow and shoulder -Rhomboids – retraction and
the shoulder
-Biceps brachii – flexion of the elbow and elevation of the scapula
-Serratus anterior – abducts the
shoulder -Teres major – medial rotation and
scapula
-Brachio-radialis – flexion of the elbow adduction of the shoulder
-Intercostals –elevation and
-Flexor-carpi-ulnaris – flexion and adduction of -Latissimus dorsi – adductions,
depression of the ribs
the hand extension and internal rotation of
-Flexor-carpi-radialis – flexion and abduction of the shoulder
the hand -Erector spinae (deep) – extension
-Extensor-carpi-radialis longus – extension and of the lower vertebral column
abduction of the hand
-Extensor digitorum – extension of the fingers
(NOT thumb)
-Palmaris longus – flexion of the hand
 Abdomen
-Rectus abdominis – flexion of
the vertebral column
-External obliques – flexion and
rotation of the vertebral column
-Internal obliques (deep) –
flexion and rotation of the
vertebral column
-Transverse abdominis (deep) –
compression of the abdomen
Legs
-Gluteus Maximus – extension and abduction of the hips
-Psoas – flexion of the hips
-Satorius – flexion and lateral rotation of the hips
-Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, Vastus
lateralis, Vastus intermedius) – flexion of the hips or
extension of the knee
-Hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus,
semimembranosus) – extension of the hips or flexion of
the knee
-Adductor magnus – adduction of the hips
-Gracilis – adduction, medial rotation and flexion of the
hips
-Gastrocnemius – flexion of the knee and plantar flexion
of the ankle
-Soles – plantar flexion of the foot
-Tibialis anterior – dorsiflexion of the foot
 The
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

The locomotor system 

The movements and motions that
joints and their muscles are capable
of include:
Flexion is when the angle between two
body segments decreases across the
joint. This usually occurs in a sagittal
plane and refers to the anterior (front)
body surfaces, e.g. flexion of the elbow.

Extension is when the angle between

two body segments increases across the
joint. This usually occurs in a sagittal
plane, e.g. extension of the elbow.
Abduction is when the body part is moved away
from the centreline (laterally) of the body. This
movement occurs in the frontal plane, e.g. shoulder
abduction

Adduction is when the body part is moved

towards from the centreline (medially) of the body,
including movements that go past the centreline.
This movement occurs in the frontal plane, e.g.
shoulder adduction.

Circumduction is when the distal end of a limb
has a circular  movement moving 360 degrees
while the proximal end remains fixed, e.g.
circumduction of the shoulder
Rotation is when the body part is twisted and
occurs in the transverse plane. Rotation can be
internal (anterior surface moves medially) or
external (anterior surface moves laterally), e.g.
hip rotation.
Joint Specific Actions
Supination of the forearm is when the hand rotates to being
palm up.
Pronation of the forearm is when the hand rotates to being palm
down

Inversion is when the plantar surface (bottom) of the foot turns

medially.
Eversion is the when the plantar surface of the foot turns
laterally.

Plantar flexion is when the toes and ball of the foot “flex”
downward (inferiorly).
Dorsi flexion is when the toes and ball of the foot “flex”
upward (superiorly).
Thank
You!!!
Resources
https://www.pdhpe.net/the-body-in-motion/
https://www.registerednursing.org/teas/musculoskeletal-muscular-system/
https://www.getbodysmart.com/