Anggota

• Risal Setiawan
• Risma Wulandari
• Seva Ikhsan Pambudi
• Sigit Setiawan
What is abstract ? the definition of abstract is a
short article that contains a
comprehensive description of
the research activities /
activities undertaken.
Abstracts are usually placed at
the beginning of a scientific
work or research report as
starting information for
readers.
 • What are the parts of abstract

01 02 03
The first contains The second contains The third contains
research title, research methods, the results or conclusions
problem data analysis obtained from the
formulation, techniques, research that has been
background and theoretical basis. done.
research objectives.
What are the tenses used
Type of Information Tenses
Giving background details Present tense
Describing the research Simple past tense, present
activity perfect tense
Describing the methods Simple past tense (active or
passive)
Reporting results Simple past tense
Stating conclusions Present tense
verbs indicating tentativeness: is
possible; is likely; appears; seems;
might.
Modal auxiliary verbs: can; may;
could; might.
 • Give exsample
Tenses Examples
Present tense The industry is already well known for its efforts to improve
the eco-efficiency of its processes.
Simple past tense, present perfect tense The study focused on 2 main areas.
The framework for life cycle analysis has been developed.
Simple past tense (active or passive) We carried out a series of field tests.
A large number of samples were tested for fracturing.
Simple past tense Results indicated that the problem is even more serious than
previously predicted.
The third model proved to be more durable than the other
four
Present tense This indicates that there are, in fact, several factors
contributing to the decrease.
verbs indicating tentativeness: is possible; It appears that the incidence of human error cannot be
is likely; appears; seems; might. eliminated at any stage.
There might be a need for revising the list of criteria within
Modal auxiliary verbs: can; may; could; the next 5-10 years.
might.
THANK YOU