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Spatial Hydrology Lec1
Spatial Hydrology Lec1
GIS-838
Climate Water
Change Pollution
Threats
Water Siltation
Sharing In
Issues Mega dams
Increasing
Water
Deficit
RESERVOIR CAPACITIES (MAF)
LOSS DUE TO
RESERVOIR ORIGINAL PRESENT
SEDIMENTATION
9.69 2.92
TARBELA 6.77
(1976) 30%
5.34 0.80
MANGLA 4.54
(1968) 15%
0.72 0.46
CHASHMA 0.26
(1971) 63%
4.18
TOTAL 15.75 11.57
27%
Hydrological Cycle
Terminologies in Hydrology
Transpiration (T): is the process by which moisture is carried through plants
from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to
vapor and is released to the atmosphere. Transpiration is essentially
evaporation of water from plant leaves. It depends on plant biological
process, species, time and location.
Evaporation: Water from rainfall returns to the atmosphere largely through
evaporation. The amount of evaporation depends on temperature, solar
radiation, wind, atmospheric pressure, and other factors.
Condensation: is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into
liquid water. Condensation is crucial to the water cycle because it is
responsible for the formation of clouds.
Advection is defined as the exchange of energy, moisture, or momentum as
a result of horizontal heterogeneity. Advection is mechanical transport of
solutes along with the bulk flux of the water.
• Sublimation: is the conversion between the solid and the gaseous phases of
matter, with no intermediate liquid stage. sublimation is most often used to
describe the process of snow and ice changing into water vapors in the air
without first melting into water.
Sublimation can be separated into three categories: (1) canopy sublimation, (2)
sublimation from ground snow cover, and (3) sublimation from blowing snow
• Soil permeability is the ability of the soil to transmit water and air. As the soil
layers or horizons vary in their characteristics, the permeability also differs
from one layer to another. Pore size, texture, structure and the presence of
impervious layers such as clay pan determines the permeability of a soil.
Clayey soils with platy structures have very low permeability. Its units is
cm/hr, cm/day, cm/sec.
• Degree of Saturation The degree of saturation, S, is defined as the ratio of
the volume of water to the volume of voids.
Components of Outflow
Three components of outflow are:
Surface evaporation & transpiration;
Groundwater seepage; and
Direct runoff
inflow - outflow = D storage Source: Azmat et al. (2015)
inflow - outflow = D storage