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The Schooler and The Family
The Schooler and The Family
the Family
Gracy Espino
School-Age Children
This stage is also known as the
middle and late childhood
This extends from about 6 – 12 years of age, approximately
corresponding to the elementary school years.
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT (BIOLOGICAL)
School-age child development describes the expected
physical, emotional, and mental abilities
PHYSICAL:
Child may be 43 inches tall and weigh about 43 lbs at
the start of the school age years
May reach 59 inches and weigh about 90 pounds by age
12
• Genetic background, nutrition and exercise may
affect a child's growth
Bones, muscles, and fat continue to grow
Strength, balance, and coordination improves
Sense of body image begins developing around age 6
SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT
(BIOLOGICAL)
PHYSICAL:
Secondary sex characteristics for girls include:
• Breast development
• Underarm and pubic hair growth
Secondary sex characteristics for girls include:
• Growth of underarm, chest, and pubic hair
• Growth of testicles and penis
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL CHANGES:
Acceptance becomes important to your child.
• Influenced more by friends than family
• Needs to keep up with other kids and
belong to a group
• Friends can be a source of support during
these years.
Eager to learn new things on his/her own at
school
• Learns to get along with more people and
understand social customs
EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL CHANGES:
MENTAL CHANGES
Begin to think logically
Make sense of what is happening around him
May develop fears of the unknown
• Afraid of the dark; Fear robbers, injuries, or death
Ability to understand ideas and improve memory
• Follow complex directions/rules and solve problems
Name numbers and letters easily
• Start to read
• Vocabulary and ability to pronounce words improves
significantly
Developmental Milestone
6 – 7 years olds 8 – 9 years olds
Enjoys many activities and More graceful with
stays busy movements and abilities
Likes to paint and draw Jumps, skips and chases
May lose first tooth Dresses and grooms self
Vision is as sharp as an completely
adults’s vision Can use tools e.g.
Jumps rope hammer, screwdriver
Rides a bike
10 – 12 years olds
Remainder of adult teeth will develop
Likes to sew and paint
COGNITIVE Development
• Use language as a communication tool
• Elementary school children master the fundamental skills of
reading, writing, arithmetic.
Concrete Operational
Classifies and sorts
Enjoys collecting
Concrete logic and problem solving
Inductive thinking
Accurate perception of events: can remember events from
months, or years earlier
More effective coping skills
Understands how his behavior affects other
6 – 7 year-olds: 8 – 9 year olds:
Understands concept of Can count backwards
numbers Knows the date
Knows daytime and nighttime Reads more and enjoys reading
Knows right and left hands Understands fractions
Can copy complex shapes, such Understands concept of space
as a diamond
Draws and paints
Can tell time
Can name months and days of
Can understand commands with week, in order
three separate instructions
Enjoys collecting objects
Can explain objects and their
use
Can repeat three numbers
backwards 10 – 12 years olds:
Writes stories
Can read age-appropriate books Reads well
and/or materials Enjoys using the telephone
Psychosocial Development
INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY
Primary task relate to learning
skills/activities.
They are interested in learning how to do
things well.
Virtue: Competence
“Am I successful or worthless?”
Afraid of failure
Embarrassed by poor grades
Social and Moral Development
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
Children are formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
They also learn how to make friends
Key Characteristics:
• Sense of security
• Sense of belongingness
• Sense of trust
• Sense of personal competence and pride
• Sense of making real choices and decisions
• Sense of self-discipline and self-control
• Sense of accepting mistakes and failure
• Self of family self-esteem
Promotion of Health
Promoting safety:
1. Motor vehicle accidents
1. Use seatbelt in a car
2. Teach street crossing safety
3. Teach bicycle safety
2. Community
1. Avoid unsafe areas
2. Do not go with strangers
3. Child should say “no”
4. Rules for safer sex (late school age)
3. Burns
1. Teach safety with fire
2. Teach safety with beginning cooking skills
3. Teach safety with sun exposure
4. Do not climb electric pole
1. Falls
1. teach precautions about riding in the skateboard, scooter, and
skating
2. Sport injuries
1. Teach to wear appropriate equipment for sport
2. Stress not to play to a point of exhoustion
3. Drowning
1. Teach the child to swim
4. Drugs
1. Help child to avoid all recreational drugs and takes prescription
2. Avoid tobacco and alcohol (be a role model)
Promoting nutritional health of a school-age child
establishing of healthy eating pattern
Fostering industry
Recommended dietary reference intakes
Nutritional health with a vegetarian diet
COPING WITH CONCERNS
RELATED TO NORMAL GD
Promoting development of a school-age child in daily activities
Dress
Sleep
Exercise
Hygiene
Care of teeth
COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Dental caries
Malocclusion
CONCERN AND PROBLEMS IF THE SCHOOL-AGE PERIOD
ADHD(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
Problem associated with language development
Sex education
Stealing
Violence or terrorism
Recreational drug use
Children of alcoholic parents
obesity
Common fears and anxiety of a school-age
Anxiety related to Beginning school
School refusal or Phobia
Latchkey children
PREVENTION of INJURY
The most common causes of injuries in this age group are car
crashes, bicycle crashes, fires and bone fractures (greenstick).
How to Prevent:
Make sure the child wears a seat belt
The child should always wear helmet when riding a bicycle
Never let your child play in or near the a street
Teach him or her to always stop at the curb and to never
cross the street without an adult
Keep all matches and cigarette lighters out of reach and out
of sight of children
The Adolescent and
the Family
Adolescence
Is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
Entered approximately at 10 to 12 years and ending at 18
to 20/21 years of age.
A time of rapid physical, cognitive, social and emotional
maturing as the boy prepares for manhood and the girl
prepares for womanhood
Adolescence is generally regarded as the psychologic, social
and maturational process initiated by the pubertal changes.
It involves three stages:
1. Early adolescence (11-14yrs)
2. Middle adolescence (15-17yrs)
3. Late adolescence (18-20yrs)
Growth
and
Development
GIRLS BOYS
BREASTS PUBIC HAIR
PUBIC HAIR AXILLARY HAIR
AXILLARY HAIR
INCREASED WIDTH AND BODY HAIR
DEPTH OF PELVIS
VOICE CHANGE
Biological Development
Psychosocial Development
IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 yrs)
Identify future career goals
Incorporate physical changes into identity