Faculty of Medicine

Anatomy
Department

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Human nervous system

Central

Brain Spinal cord

 Brain

Central nervous system

Spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves.
31 pairs of spinal nerves.
All ganglia.

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 Physiological

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 CELLS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 Neuron

It is the building unit of the nervous system, it consists of:-

1. cell body (soma) containing the nucleus and cell organelles
2. processes:
Many short dendrites that receive the impulse towards the cell
body.
One long axon that transmits the impulse away from the cell
body.
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 According to the number of processes

cells of Retina Motor cells of CNS Trigeminal ganglion

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 Glial cells

They are non-excitable, supporting, protecting and nourishing

cells representing half the total volume of the CNS.
There are 4 types of glial cells.

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 DEFINITIONS

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 White & grey
matter

In the CNS, the cell bodies form the grey matter while the
nerve fibers form the white matter.
- In the spinal cord, the white matter surrounds the grey matter
which is H-shaped.
- In the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum, part of the
grey matter collects into deep nuclei and another part spreads
on the surface forming the cortex.
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 Nucleus= a collection of cell bodies
that have the same function within the
CNS.

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 Outside the CNS, a collection of cell bodies is called
ganglion.

Tract, bundles of nerve fibers in the C.N.S.

Nerve, bundles of nerve fibers in the P.N.S.

Plexus, network of nerves.

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 Synapse= site of contact between two neurons; usually
between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the
other neuron.

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 Central nervous system

Includes the brain and spinal

cord ,that are not capable of
regeneration

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 Brain

Spinal cord

They are protected by:

Bones (skull & vertebral column)
Three meninges (pia mater, arachnoid mater and
dura mater)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space.
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Anterior Posterior

Cerebral hemisphere

Cerebral hemisphere

Diencephalon

cerebellum
Cerebellum

Brain stem
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 Anterior Posterior

Cerebral hemisphere

Diencephalon

cerebellum
Midbrain
Pons Brain stem
Medulla

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Meninges
Skull
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

Brain

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 Meninges

Subdural space contains thin film of fluid and cerebral

veins.
Subarachnoid space contains CSF and arteries supplying
the brain.
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Cerebrum

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The 2 cerebral
hemisphere are
separated by a
longitudinal fissure,
containing a dural
fold ( Falx cerebri )

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Each hemisphere contains a cavity
called lateral ventricle.

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Lateral
ventricle

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 Sulci Gyri

Grey matter White matter

In neuroanatomy,
a Sulcus (Latin: A gyrus (pl. gyri
"furrow", pl. Sulci) ) is a ridge on
is a depression or the 
groove in the  cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex
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 White matter

Association fibers Projection fibers

Commissural
fibers
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Corpus Callosum

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 Body Splenium

Genu

Rostrum

Corpus callosum
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Poles

Occipital pole
Frontal pole
Temporal
pole

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Surfaces Supero- lateral surface

Medial surface

Inferior surface

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 Central Sulcus

Parieto-
occipital
Frontal Parietal Sulcus

Occipital
Temporal

Pre-occipital notch
Posterior ramus of
lateral Sulcus

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 Parietal lobe
Lobes

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

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 Lobes

Limbic lobe

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 Sulci and gyri of
cerebral hemisphere

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 Pre-central S. Central sulcus
Post-central S.
Superior frontal S.

Intra-
parietal S.

Superior
Inferior frontal S.
temporal Sulcus
Post.ramus of lateral Inferior
sulcus temporal Sulcus
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 Para central lobule

Pre cuneus
Cingulate G

Medial frontal Cuneus

gyrus

Lingual
G.
Cingulate
Sulcus
Central Sulcus
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Callosal Sulcus
Calcarine
Sulcus
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 Stem of Orbital part
Lateral sulcus

Tentorial part

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 Olfactory Sulcus

Gyrus Olfactory
bulb
rectus Olfactory
Orbital
tract
Sulcus
Uncus
Rhinal Sulcus
Parahippocampus
Collateral
Sulcus Occipito-temporal
Occipito- Gyri
temporal Sulcus

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 Frontal lobe

Precentral area Prefrontal area

•1ry motor area A4.
•Premoter area A6.
1st somatomotor
•Area 8. Area MsI
•Boca's area (A44&45)
•Supplementary motor area

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Primary motor area

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Skilled movement
occupies larger area.

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 Primary motor area:-
Site:-Precentral gyrus and anterior
part of par central lobule.
Representation :-inverted…..
Function:- Controls voluntary
movement of the opposite side of the
body.

Contralateral hemiplegia
Especially in fine skilled movement in the distal
muscles of the limbs.

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 Pre motor area
Site:- lies in superior, middle &
inferior frontal gyri.
Function:-
•Plane the movement.
•Adjust the posture to start the
movement.
•Lesion:- awkward movements
and spasticity of muscles.

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Frontal eye field
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Responsible for voluntary conjugate eye
movement.

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 Motor speech area

Broca’s Area

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 Motor speech area

Site:- lies in inferior frontal gyrus

in dominant hemisphere.
Function:-
•It programs and coordinate a
sequence of muscle contraction to
produce words& sentences.
•Lesion:- Motor or expressive
aphasia.

Broca’s Area

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 Dominant
hemisphere

The left and right cerebral hemispheres control functions

for the opposite side of the body. In addition, certain
important functions (particularly speech and language)
are located in only one hemisphere, which is then termed
the dominant hemisphere. In right-handed patients this is
virtually always the left hemisphere and in left-handed
patients it may be either hemisphere (but is still often the
left(

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'motor aphasia'
Motor aphasia is characterized by deficit in
speech production or language output, but with
full understanding of spoken and written
language. The patient is aware of his
impairment.

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Prefrontal area

•It represents the cortical area for the

higher mental functions as intellectual
abilities,judgement and foresight.
•Control of behavior & personality

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Lesion in prefrontal area
will lead to:-
•The intellectual functions may
be affected. Leading to
difficulty in attention and loss
of recent memory.
•Changes in behavior of the
person e.g. he becomes
careless about his appearance.
•Changes in the mood ,euphoric
or depressed.
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 Supplementary
Motor area

Site:-within medial frontal

gyrus.
Representation:-face anterior,
leg posterior, upper limb in-
between.
Function:
Programming complex
bimanual skilled
movement(hand).it contains
superior speech center.
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Lesion in the supplementary motor
area…..
*difficulty in doing complex
movement.
*Temporary aphasia.

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 Primary sensory area

•It receives sensory fibers from thalamic nuclei.

•Lesion…….contra lateral sensory disturbances.

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 Second sensory area
•Site:- superior lip of
posterior ramus of
lateral Sulcus.
•Function:- concerned
with perception of
chronic slow pain.

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 Wernick’s area

Broca’s
area

Sensory speech area

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•Site:- superior temporal
gyrus & inferior parietal
lobule, in dominant
hemisphere.
•It receives input from
visual& auditory areas.
•Function:- understanding
of visual& auditory
information.
•Lesion:- Sensory aphasia,
the patient is unable to
understand written or spoken
wards.

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Sensory speech center…….understanding
auditory& visual stimuli .
Motor speech center…..Receives data from
Wernicke’s area and transforms it into a detailed
pattern of orders for vocalization and project them
to the motor cortex .
 Superior parietal lobule
•It contains stereo
gnosis center.
•Lesion…..Astereo
gnosis.
•Unilateral neglect

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 Astereognosis:- inability to
identify familiar objects
without vision
Unilateral neglect:- failure to
recognize opposite side of the
patient own body.
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 Visual areas

1-Primary visual area

Function:- visual stimuli are received.
2-Second visual area
Function:- stores visual experience to identify objects and
discriminate colors.
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 Auditory area
1-Primary auditory
area
Function:- auditory Primary
stimuli are received. auditory area
Lesion:- impaired Second
hearing. auditory
2-Second auditory area
area
Function:- Stimuli are
interpreted.
Lesion :- inability to
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 Face recognition area

Site:- inferior surface of temporal and occipital lobes.

Bilateral lesion leads to prospagnosia i.e. inability to
recognize people by their faces

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Prospagnosia, or face blindness, is a term derived
from the Greek words Prosopon meaning face and
Agnosia meaning the lack of knowledge.

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Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system

Cranial nerves Brain

Spinal nerves Spinal cord

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