Electrical systems

Lighting

Technical instillation
AR 464

dr. Nancy Mahmoud Badawy

 Week 6: Lecture 6
Lecture Table of Content Lighting

‫ متطلبات الزمة لدراسة علم االضاءة‬Basic Needs to study lighting

‫ أنواع مصابيح االضاءة‬Light Fixture Types
‫ أنتشار االضاءه‬Light Diffusion
‫ مقارنة اللمبات على حسب االستخدامات العام‬Comparison of Lamps for General Lighting
‫ حساب شدة االنارة‬Luminance Calculation
‫ مستوى االضاءة الموصى به‬Recommended Illumination Levels
‫ العناصر الرئيسية للشبكة الكهربائية‬Main Elements of the Electricity Network
‫ االظهار المعمارى العمال الكهرباء‬Architectural Representation
 ‫‪Week 6: Lecture 6‬‬
‫لـدرـاسة علم اـالضاءة ‪Basic Needs to study lighting‬‬ ‫زمة‬
‫مـتطلباتالـ‬ ‫‪Lighting‬‬

‫متطلبات الزم لدراسه الضوء‬


Natural Light
Natural light sources occur within
nature and are beyond the control of
people. These include sunlight,
moonlight, starlight, various plant
and animal sources, radio
luminescence, and fire.
LIGHT
Artificial Light
Man-made light sources can be controlled by
people in the amount needed. These include wood
flame, oil flame, gas flame, electric lamps,
photochemical reactions, and various reactions,
such as explosives.
Due to their obvious advantages in terms of
availability, safety, cleanliness, and remote energy
generation, electric lamps have displaced almost all
other man-made sources for lighting of the built
environment
 What is light?
Light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is perceived by our eyes. The
wavelength range is between 380 and 780 nm.
Basic Needs to study lighting ‫متطلبات الزمة لدراسة علم االضاءة‬
What is Light? ‫ما هو الضوء‬
Light consists of a varying electric and magnetic
field
• The distance between two peaks is
referred to as wavelength.
• Through the wavelength different
electromagnetic radiation can be
distinguished.
• The list states the value of wavelength for
the seven electromagnetic radiations
which the sun emits .

1. Radio wave Greater than 30 cm

2. Microwave 1 nm – 30 cm
3. Infrared 780nm – 1000 nm
4. Visible light 380nm – 780 nm
5. Ultraviolet 60 nm - 400 nm
6. X-ray 0.001 nm – 60 nm
7. Gamma ray Less than 0.1 nm
 VISION
Visual perception:
 is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment by processing
information that is contained in visible light.
 Our eyes converts light into electrical signals that the brain can
processes.
 The brain’s interpretation of what the eyes see is called Perception.

Lighting design
 Must ultimately be based on an understanding of perception, but before
that we need to understand vision first.
 VISION
 Light enters the eye through
the opening called pupil.
 This light is then focused in the
light-sensitive lining at the back
of the eye called retina.
 The retina consists of two
types of cells :
1. Cone cells: which are
sensitive to colour.
2. Rod cells: which respond to
motion and dim lighting
conditions.
 The iris is a muscle which helps
pupil to adapt to different
brightness levels in our
environment.
 Light has a triple effect

Light for visual functions

• Illumination of task area in conformity with
relevant standards
• Glare-free and convenient

Light for emotional perception

• Lighting enhancing architecture
• Creating scenes and effects

Light creating biological effects

• Supporting people’s circadian rhythm
• Stimulating or relaxing
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting

‫ أنواع مصابيح االضاءة‬Light Fixture Types

 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting

Measurement of Light
• A special set of units has been
developed for the measurements
of light
• Photometric Quantities
• 1- Luminous Intensity
• 2- Luminous Flux
• 3- Illuminance
[illumination]
• 4- Luminous exitance
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting

Photometric Quantities
1. The Intensity [ luminance intensity ] of a
light source symbol
• Is the power of a light source, or illuminated surface, to emit
light in a particular direction.
• Is measured in units of candela [cd]
• Candela [cd]
• The effect of one Candela is approximately the
same as one Candle power.

• Is the basic and agreed unit system

and Internationally defined
as the Intensity of a
1/60 cm2 uniformly emitting black body
at the melting point temperature of Platinum,
and, all other units are derived from this
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
lighting measuring units ‫وحدات قياس االضاءه‬ Lighting
 ‫‪Week 6: Lecture 6‬‬
‫رة‪Luminance Calculation‬‬
‫اـالناـ‬ ‫حـسـاب شدـة‬ ‫‪Lighting‬‬

‫‪The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI derived unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total "amount" of ‬‬
‫‪visible light emitted by a source.‬‬

‫اللومـن ( ‪ ) Lm‬وحدة دوليـة لقياـس التدفـق الضوئـي وهـو مقدار الضوء الصـادر عـن شمعـة معياريـة يسـقط فوق سـطح قدم مربـع واحد‬
‫من مسافة تساوي قدم واحد ‪.‬‬

‫• المصباح ذو الفتيلة قوة ‪ 100‬وات يعطي ً‬

‫فيضا قدره ‪ 1200‬لومن‪.‬‬
‫• المصباح الفلوري قدرة ‪ 40‬وات يعطي ً‬
‫فيضا قدره ‪ 2400‬لومن‪.‬‬
‫• المصباح بخار الزئبقي قدرة ‪ 100‬وات يعطي ً‬
‫فيضا قدره ‪ 3600‬لومن‪.‬‬

‫‪The lux (symbol: lx) is the SI unit of illuminance and luminous emitance, measuring luminous flux per‬‬

‫‪unit area.‬‬
‫اللكـس ( ‪ ) Lx‬هـي وحدة شدة‪ ‬الضوء‪  ‬فـي نظام الوحدات الدولـى لقياس منسـوب اإلضاءـة ‪ -‬المنسـوب الضوئـي السـاقط علـى سـطح مـا مـن أي‬
‫مصدر لماع ( شمس – مصباح) ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬‫‪1 Lx = 1 Lm / 1 m2‬‬
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Diffusion ‫شـ اـالضاـءه‬
‫أنت راـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Lamps Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاـءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Comparison of Lamps often used for General Lighting‫خـاـمات لاـعـامة‬
‫رنة لاـلمباتعلى حـسب اـالست د‬
‫ماـقـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 ‫‪Week 6: Lecture 6‬‬
‫بــ‪Recommended Illumination Levels‬‬
‫مستوى اـالضاـءة لاـموصى هـ‬ ‫‪Lighting‬‬

‫صعوبة العمل‬

‫متواضع (غرفة الطعام)‬

‫عادى (للقراءه)‬
‫متوسط (للرسم)‬
‫صعب (للخياطه)‬
‫غايه فالصعوبة (جراحة)‬
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Calculation of Number of Lamps‫حـسـابعدد لاـلمبات‬ Lighting
 Illumination

Calculation of the internal illumination

[General Spaces]

• 2- Lumen method for general lighting

[Measurement unit of Light Energy]

Based on a Concept of a, Utilization Factor UF

3
2
 • 1 – The Mounting Height of the Lamp [Mh]
Distance (perpendicular) between the reference [receiving] plane
and Lamp fitting [emitting] plane

• 2- The Geometrical proportions of the room

• Room index or Room ratio [RI / RR]
• RI= L x W / [( L + W) x Mh] (1)

• 3 – The Internal Surfaces Reflectance

• Surrounding Walls and Ceiling

• 4 – The Type of Fittings used

• A Factor was found to tie the four parameters Utilization Factor 3

3
 Utilization
facto
tables

3.0 m

4.0 m
6.0 m
• Luminaries at Ceiling Level
• Reference plane at 0.75 m
• Therefore, mounting height = 3 –
0.75 =
2.25 m
RI = L x W / [( L + W) x Mh]
• And Therefore,

6 x 4 / [(6 + 4) x 2.25]
Room index =
= 1.37
• The Ceiling and the Wall
Reflectivity is, 70% and

50% Respectively,
• Recessed louver troughs are
used 3
Therefore, UF = 0.40
 Example
Calculate the total amount of Light energy that should be emitted to provide
an [illumination at desk level of 600 lx]
for an office space of Area = 72 m2

and with the following characteristics,

Length = 12.00 m. Width = 6.00 m. Clear height = 3.80 m.
Reflectivity of, walls = 50 %, ceiling = 70 %,
Luminaries are at ceiling level and Reference plane at 0.80 m. above ground.

• Choose the Luminaire Fittings, and get it's Utilization Factor tables.
• Example, [Recessed Louver Troughs is our Choice]
.
• Mh = 3.8 – 0.80 = 3.0 • from Utilization Factor tables;

• RI = [12 x 6] / [12+6] x 3.0 = 1.33 • UF = 0.415

Since, Illumination received at Reference Level is equal to the Total Energy received divided by room area; and, E = TFr /
area;
Therefore, 600 = TFr / 72 ,
And, TFr = 43200 lumens [ Total amount of Light energy that should be received = 43200 Lumens]

Since, UF is equal to the Total Energy received divided by Total Energy emitted;
UF x Mf = TFr / TFe , Therefore, 0.415 x 0.80 = 43200 / TFe
And, total amount of Light Energy that should be emitted = 130120 Lumens 7
 And since, the total amount of Light Energy that should be emitted at
Luminaries emitting Level was found to be = 130120 Lumens
Electrical Lamp Power Intensity Flow of Light Efficiency
Output Watt cd Energy / solid Efficacy L/W
Choose a Lamp and find out its angle
energy output Lumen
[a single lamp]
220 / 240 Volts 40 325 325 8.125
a tubular fluorescent 60 cm. Standard 60 575 575 9.58
Incandescent 100 1160 1160 11.60
Lamp
Of 1050 Lumen output of Light energy per 150 1960 1960 13.066
solid angle 200 2720 72 13.60
Tubular 60 cm. 20 1050 1050 52.50
Fluorescent 120 cm. 40 2650 2650 66.25
Lamps

And, Number of Lamps = TFe [emitted] / flow emitted per lamp (4)

• therefore, the Number of Lamps = 130120 / 1050 = 124 Lamps

And, Number of Troughs = No. of Lamps / No. of Lamps per trough (5)

• therefore, the Number of Troughs = 124 / 4 = 31 ≈ 32 troughs or, 124 / 2 = 62 troughs8

Lamp Fitting Spacing Layout

37
 Lamp Fitting Spacing

• Maximum Spacing = 1.5 Mh (7)

[spacing between the rows in both directions]
• Spacing between the first row and the side walls = 0.5 spacing chosen between Lamps

38
 Number of troughs ≈ 32 troughs
to get the General layout of the troughs
Since, Mh = 3.00 and, Maximum Spacing = 1.5 Mh
Therefore, Maximum spacing = 1.5 x 3.00 = 4.50 m.
And, max. spacing between first row and side walls = 0.5 x 4.50= 2.25 m.

And since the office, is of dimension [Length = 12.00 m. and Width = 6.00 m]

1. Divide, both sides by the maximum spacing 2.

[ length] 12 / 4.5 = 2.66 ≈ 3 modules
3. [width] 6 / 4.5 = 1.33 ≈ 2 modules
1. Multiply the modules of both sides by themselves, [ 3 x 2 = 6 ] This is
the minimum number of modules that could be accepted,
which is not enough
5. Start increasing the modules on both sides, till you are able to
distribute the number of troughs calculated, as follows;
• [4 x 3 = 12]
• [5 x 4 = 20]
• [7 x 4 = 28]
• [6 x 4 = 24]
• [8 x 4 = 32] 11
 General Layout of the Lamps
• Number of troughs calculated was 32 troughs, [8 x 4 = 32]. Divide
the width to four, and the length to eight Modules.
Then, Divide each module by a center line.
The intersection of both center lines, is the location of the Trough.

This is, A Night Time Lighting Design Strategy

1.5 m 0.75 m

0.75 m

1.5 m

6.0 m
width

12.0 m

length
40
For Energy Conservation, we must integrate
between Natural and
, This is, A Day Time Lighting Design Strategy
And

Artificial Illumination
Consider, just one single Window as shown in plan and Section A‐A

A 1.5 m 0.75 m

0.75 m

1.5 m

6.0 m
width

A
12.0 m

41
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Main Elements of the Electricity Network ‫لشبكة‬
‫يسيـة لـ‬
‫رئلـاـ‬ ‫لاـعناـصر‬ Lighting

‫لاـكهـربايـةئـ‬
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Architectural Representation Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Architectural Representation Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting
 Week 6: Lecture 6
Light Fixture Types ‫صـبـيح اـالضاءة‬
‫مـا‬ ‫أنواـعـ‬ Lighting