Intelligence

• Are the things shown below, Intelligent?

1
Ex-1: Searching a path …

Different mice might follow different paths based to their intelligence

In other words: The problem can be solved in many ways
Ability to solve problems demonstrates Intelligence
2
 Ex-2: Next number in the
sequence …
• Consider the following sequence …
1,3,7,13,21,__
– What is the next number ?

• Key: Adding the next EVEN number …

1+2 = 3; 3+4 = 7; 7+6 = 13; 13+8 =21; 21+10 = 31
1,3,7,13,21,31

Ability to solve problems demonstrates

Intelligence 3
 So, Let’s Summarize…
• Ability to solve problems
• Ability to plan and schedule
• Ability to memorize and process information
• Ability to answer fuzzy questions
• Ability to learn
• Ability to recognize
• Ability to understand
• Ability to perceive
• And many more …

Food for thought: Can only humans beings and animals possess
these qualities? 4
 What if?
• A machine searches through a mesh and finds a path?
• A machine solves problems like the next number in
the sequence?
• A machine develops plans?
• A machine diagnoses and prescribes?
• A machine answers ambiguous questions?
• A machine recognizes fingerprints?
• A machine understands?
• A machine perceives?
• A machine does MANY MORE SUCH THINGS …
• A machine behaves as HUMANS do? HUMANOID!!!

5
 Systems that THINK Like
Humans
• “[The automation of] activities that we
associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision making, problem
solving, learning …” (Bellman, 1978)

6
 Systems that THINK Like
Humans
• “The exciting new effort to make
computers think … machines with
minds, in the full and literal sense”
(Haugeland, 1985)

7
 Systems that THINK Like
Humans
• “The study of computation that make it
possible to perceive, reason and act”
(Winston 1992)

8
 Paradigm Shift, Expert Systems, People
Paradigm Shift, GPS, People realized that all the realized that software programs can act as
problems can NOT be solved with the same EXPERTS
approach

The name
“Artificial Development of
First work in AI Microworlds
Intelligence” Lisp
1943 1963
coined 1958
1956

Paradigm Shift, ANN, People realized that

software programs can LEARN

Neural Networks AI becomes an Realization of

AI a booming
reinvented Industry hurdles
Industry TODAY
1986 1981

9
Robot Control

10
Robot Control

11
 Two – One Problem
Start Goal

11?22 22?11

Legal Moves:
Rules: • Slide
• 1s’ move right
• 2s’ move left
• Only one move at a time • Hop
• No backing up
Two – One Problem
Trials to solve the problem

Trial One Trial Two

11?22 11?22

112?2 1?122

1?212 ?1122

12?12 Stuck!!!

1221?

122?1

Stuck!!!
Two – One Problem
Five States
 Two – One Problem
Solution Space
H H
?1122 1 1? 2 2 1122 ?
S S

1?1 22 1 1 2? 2
S H H S

?1122 1 2 1?2 1?212 1122 ?

S S S S

1212 ? 12 ?12 ?1212

H
H H H

1 2? 2 1 ?2112 1 2 2 1? 21?12
S H S S H S

1 2 2? 1 ?2121 2 ?11 2 1 2 2 ?1 2112 ? 2?112

S
S

2?121 212 ?1
H H

2 2 1? 1 2?211
S S

2 2? 1 1
 Solution to Problem Solving : Searching
H H
? 1122 11 ? 22 1122 ?
S S
1 ? 122 112 ? 2

S H H S
?1122 121 ? 2 1 ? 212 1122 ?

S S S S
1212 ? 12 ? 12 ? 1212
H H H H
12 ? 21 ? 2112 1221 ? 21 ? 12

S H S S H S
122 ? 1 ? 2121 2 ? 112 122 ? 1 2112 ? 2 ? 112

S S
2 ? 121 212 ? 1

Farmer
H H
Grain Goose 221 ? 1 2 ? 211
Grain

S S Airport
Farmer
Fox Fox 22 ? 11
Goose

Q1 Q2
Farmer
Farmer
Fox Fox Farmer
Fox Goose
Goose Grain Goose
Grain
Grain

Farmer
Farmer
Farmer Fox Fox
Goose Fox
Goose Grain Goose
Grain
Grain
Q4
Q3
Q5

Farmer
Fox Fox
Goose

Hotel
Farmer
Goose Grain
Grain
 Tree and Graph
Terminology
A

B C

D E F G H

•“A” is the “root node”

•“A, B, C …. J” are “nodes” I J
•“B” is a “child” of “A”
•“A” is ancestor of “D”
•“D” is a descendant of “A”
•“D, E, F, G, I, J” are “leaf nodes”
•Arrows represent “edges” or “links”
 Tree and Graph
Terminology
A

B C

D E F G H

•“A” is the “root node”

•“A, B, C …. J” are “nodes” I J
•“B” is a “child” of “A”
•“A” is ancestor of “D”
•“D” is a descendant of “A”
•“D, E, F, G, I, J” are “leaf nodes”
•Arrows represent “edges” or “links”
Examples of Graphs
 Problem Formulation
using Graphs
• The search methods we’ll be dealing with are
defined on trees and graphs

3 3
A B C
2

4
S G
4

3 2
D E F
1 3
 Tree Search
• Graph search is really tree search

3 3
A B C A D
2

B D A E
4

G
S
C E E B B F

3 2 D F B F C E A C G
D E F
1 3
G C G F