UNIT VI

NORMALIZATIO
N
Normalization is a process in
which we systematically examine
relations for anomalies and, when
detected, remove those anomalies
by splitting up the relation into two
new, related, relations.

WHAT IS
Often during normalization, the
database designers get their first NORMALIZA
real look into how the data are
going to interact in the database. TION?

Normalizing a relation reduces

data redundancy but introduces the
need for joins when all of the data
is required by an application such
as a report query.
Each attribute (column) value must be a
single value only.

All values for a given attribute (column )

must be of the same data type.

Each attribute (column) name must be

unique.
WHAT IS
NORMALIZA
The order of attributes (columns) is
TION?
insignificant

No two tuples (rows) in a relation can be

identical.

The order of the tuples (rows) is

insignificant.
FORMAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCY (FD) - a constraint between two sets
of attributes from the database. It describes a relationship
between ATTRIBUTES within a single relation. An attribute
is FUNCTIONALLY DEPENDENT on another if we can use the value
of one attribute to determine the value of another.

NORMAL FORMS - a process of analyzing the given relation

schemas based on their FDs and primary keys to achieve the desirable
properties of (1) minimizing redundancy and (2) minimizing the
insertion, deletion, and update anomalies.
FORMAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
FIRST NORMAL FORM (1NF)

A table is in the 1st Normal Form if:

 Contains only atomic values.

 No repeating groups. A repeating group means that a table contains two or

more columns that are closely related. For example, a table that records
data on a book and its author(s) with the following columns: [Book ID],
[Author 1], [Author 2], [Author 3] is not in 1NF because [Author 1],
[Author 2], and [Author 3] are all repeating the same attribute.
 No duplicate rows.
 FORMAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
FIRST NORMAL FORM (1NF)

This table is not in first normal

form because the [Color] The first normal form is satisfied, as the columns
column can contain multiple on each table all hold just one value.
values.
FORMAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
SECOND NORMAL FORM (2NF)

A table is in the 2nd Normal Form if:

 It is in first normal form.
 All non-key attributes are fully functionally dependent on the primary
key.
 For a table that has concatenated primary key, each column in the
table that is not part of the primary key must depend upon the entire
concatenated key for its existence.
 FORMAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
SECOND NORMAL FORM (2NF)
FORMAL DESIGN
GUIDELINES
THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF)

A table is in the 3rd Normal Form if: 

 It is in second normal form.
 There is NO transitive functional dependency.
 FORMAL DESIGN GUIDELINES
THIRD NORMAL FORM (3NF)