Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects

Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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Motivations
You see the advantages of object-oriented programming
from the preceding chapter. This chapter will demonstrate
how to solve problems using the object-oriented paradigm.
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Objectives
 To apply class abstraction to develop software (§10.2).
 To explore the differences between the procedural paradigm and object-
oriented paradigm (§10.3).
 To discover the relationships between classes (§10.4).
 To design programs using the object-oriented paradigm (§§10.5–10.6).
 To create objects for primitive values using the wrapper classes (Byte,
Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double, Character, and Boolean) (§10.7).
 To simplify programming using automatic conversion between primitive
types and wrapper class types (§10.8).
 To use the BigInteger and BigDecimal classes for computing very large
numbers with arbitrary precisions (§10.9).
 To use the String class to process immutable strings (§10.10).
 To use the StringBuilder and StringBuffer classes to process mutable
strings (§10.11).
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Class Abstraction and Encapsulation
● Class abstraction is separation of class
implementation from the use of the class.
● Class encapsulation: The details of implementation
are encapsulated and hidden from the user.
● The collection of public constructors, methods, and
data fields that are accessible from outside the class,
together with the description of how these members
are expected to behave, serves as the class's contract.
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Class Abstraction and Encapsulation
● Class creator provides documentation to:
– describe the class and,
– describe the use of the class
● The user of the class does not need to know how
the class is implemented.
● Implementation details are “encapsulated” and
hidden from the user.
Class implementation Class Contract
is like a black box (Signatures of Clients use the
hidden from the clients
Class public methods and class through the
public constants) contract of the class
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Object-Oriented Thinking
● Chapters 1-8 introduced fundamental programming
techniques for problem solving using:
– loops
– methods
– arrays
● The techniques lay a solid foundation for object-
oriented programming.
● Classes provide more flexibility and modularity for
building reusable software.
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6
Class Relationships
Association
Aggregation
Composition
Inheritance (Chapter 11)
Association: is a general binary relationship that describes

an activity between two classes.
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Object Composition
● Composition is a special case of aggregation.
● Aggregation models has-a relationships; represents an
ownership relationship.
● The owner object is called an aggregating object and
its class an aggregating class.
● The subject object is called an aggregated object and
its class an aggregated class.
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Class Representation
An aggregation relationship is usually represented as a data
field in the aggregating class. For example, the relationship
in Figure 10.6 can be represented as follows:
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Aggregation or Composition
● We refer aggregation between two objects
as composition if the existence of the
aggregated object is dependent on the
aggregating object.
● Many texts don’t differentiate them and
call both compositions.
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Aggregation Between Same Class
Aggregation may exist between objects of the same class.
For example, a person may have a supervisor.
public class Person {

// The type for the data is the class itself
private Person supervisor;
...
}
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Aggregation Between Same Class
If a person has several supervisors, you may use an
array to store supervisors.
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Designing the Loan Class
Loan
-annualInterestRate: double The annual interest rate of the loan (default: 2.5).
-numberOfYears: int The number of years for the loan (default: 1)
-loanAmount: double The loan amount (default: 1000).
-loanDate: Date The date this loan was created.
+Loan() Constructs a default Loan object.

+Loan(annualInterestRate: double, Constructs a loan with specified interest rate, years, and
numberOfYears: int, loan amount.
loanAmount: double)
+getAnnualInterestRate(): double Returns the annual interest rate of this loan.
+getNumberOfYears(): int Returns the number of the years of this loan.
+getLoanAmount(): double Returns the amount of this loan.
+getLoanDate(): Date Returns the date of the creation of this loan.
+setAnnualInterestRate( Sets a new annual interest rate to this loan.
annualInterestRate: double): void
+setNumberOfYears( Sets a new number of years to this loan.
numberOfYears: int): void
+setLoanAmount( Sets a new amount to this loan.
loanAmount: double): void
+getMonthlyPayment(): double Returns the monthly payment of this loan.
+getTotalPayment(): double Returns the total payment of this loan.
Loan TestLoanClass
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Example: The Course Class
Course
-courseName: String The name of the course.
-students: String[] An array to store the students for the course.
-numberOfStudents: int The number of students (default: 0).
+Course(courseName: String) Creates a course with the specified name.
+getCourseName(): String Returns the course name.
+addStudent(student: String): void Adds a new student to the course.
+dropStudent(student: String): void Drops a student from the course.
+getStudents(): String[] Returns the students in the course.
+getNumberOfStudents(): int Returns the number of students in the course.
Course TestCourse
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Example: The
StackOfIntegers Class
StackOfIntegers
-elements: int[] An array to store integers in the stack.
-size: int The number of integers in the stack.
+StackOfIntegers() Constructs an empty stack with a default capacity of 16.
+StackOfIntegers(capacity: int) Constructs an empty stack with a specified capacity.
+empty(): boolean Returns true if the stack is empty.
+peek(): int Returns the integer at the top of the stack without
removing it from the stack.
+push(value: int): int Stores an integer into the top of the stack.
+pop(): int Removes the integer at the top of the stack and returns it.
+getSize(): int Returns the number of elements in the stack.
TestStackOfIntegers
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Designing the StackOfIntegers Class
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Implementing
StackOfIntegers Class
StackOfIntegers
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Wrapper Classes
• Primitive data type values are not objects in
Java.
• However, many Java methods require the
use of objects as arguments.
• Java provides a wrapper class for each
primitive data type
– Wrap a primitive data type into an object.
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Wrapper Classes
 Boolean  Integer NOTE: (1) The wrapper classes do
not have no-arg constructors. (2)
 Character  Long The instances of all wrapper
 Float classes are immutable, i.e., their
 Short internal values cannot be changed
 Byte  Double once the objects are created.
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The Integer and Double Classes
java.lang.Integer java.lang.Double
-value: int -value: double
+MAX_VALUE: int +MAX_VALUE: double
+MIN_VALUE: int +MIN_VALUE: double
+Integer(value: int) +Double(value: double)

+Integer(s: String) +Double(s: String)
+byteValue(): byte +byteValue(): byte
+shortValue(): short +shortValue(): short
+intValue(): int +intValue(): int
+longVlaue(): long +longVlaue(): long
+floatValue(): float +floatValue(): float
+doubleValue():double +doubleValue():double
+compareTo(o: Integer): int +compareTo(o: Double): int
+toString(): String +toString(): String
+valueOf(s: String): Integer +valueOf(s: String): Double
+valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Integer +valueOf(s: String, radix: int): Double
+parseInt(s: String): int +parseDouble(s: String): double
+parseInt(s: String, radix: int): int +parseDouble(s: String, radix: int): double
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The Integer Class
and the Double Class
 Constructors
 Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE

 Conversion Methods
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Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors
• You can construct a wrapper object either from a
primitive data type value or from a string
representing the numeric value.
• The constructors for Integer and Double are:
– public Integer(int value)
– public Integer(String s)
– public Double(double value)
– public Double(String s)
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Numeric Wrapper Class Constructors
• Examples:
Integer x = new Integer(2);
Integer x = new Integer("2");
Double y = new Double(2.3);

Double y = new Double("2.3");
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Numeric Wrapper Class Constants
• Each numerical wrapper class has the constants
MAX_VALUE and MIN_VALUE.
• MAX_VALUE represents the maximum value of the
corresponding primitive data type.
• For Byte, Short, Integer, and Long, MIN_VALUE represents
the minimum byte, short, int, and long values.
• For Float and Double, MIN_VALUE represents the
minimum positive float and double values.
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Numeric Wrapper Class Constants
• The following statement displays the
maximum integer 2,147,483,647.
– System.out.println(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
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Conversion Methods
• Each numeric wrapper class contains the methods doubleValue,
floatValue, intValue, longValue, and shortValue for returning a
double, float, int, long, or short value for the wrapper object.
• These methods “convert” objects into primitive type values.
• Examples:
Integer x = new Integer("2");
x.intValue() returns 2.
x.doubleValue() returns 2.0.
Double y = new Double("2.3");

y.intValue() returns 2.
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The CompareTo Methods
• The numeric wrapper classes contain the
compareTo method for comparing two
numbers and returns 1 (greater than), 0
(equal to) or -1 (less than).
• Example:
Integer x1 = new Integer(2);
Integer x2 = new Integer(7);
x1.compareTo(x2) returns -1.
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The Static valueOf Methods
• The numeric wrapper classes have a useful static
method, valueOf(String s). This method creates
a new object initialized to the value represented
by the specified string.
• Examples:
Double doubleObject = Double.valueOf("12.4");
Integer integerObject = Integer.valueOf("12");
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Parsing Strings into Numbers
• Each numeric wrapper class has two overloaded parsing
methods to parse a numeric string into an appropriate
numeric value.
• In the Integer class:
public static int parseInt(String s) //radix: 10
public static int parseInt(String s, int radix) //radix: 2, 8, 16
• In the Double class:
public static double parseDouble(String s) //radix: 10
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Parsing Strings into Numbers
• Examples:
int x = Integer.parseInt("11");
System.out.println(x); //prints 11
int x = Integer.parseInt("11", 2); //11 as a binary number

System.out.println(x); //prints 3
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Automatic Conversion Between Primitive Types and
Wrapper Class Types
 Java allows primitive types and wrapper

classes to be converted automatically.
 Converting a primitive type value to a
wrapper object is called boxing.
 The reverse conversion is called unboxing.
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Automatic Conversion Between Primitive
Types and Wrapper Class Types
For example, the following statement in (a) can be simplified as in

(b):
Equivalent
Integer[] intArray = {new Integer(2), Integer[] intArray = {2, 4, 3};
new Integer(4), new Integer(3)};
(a) New JDK 1.5 boxing (b)
Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3};

System.out.println(intArray[0] + intArray[1] + intArray[2]);
Unboxing
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BigInteger and BigDecimal
• The largest integer of the long type is
9223372036854775807.
• If you need to compute with very large integers or high
precision floating-point values, you can use the
BigInteger and BigDecimal classes in the java.math
package. Both are immutable.
– An instance of BigInteger can represent an integer of any
size.
– Use the add, subtract, multiply, divide, and remainder
methods to perform arithmetic operations.
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BigInteger
BigInteger a = new BigInteger("9223372036854775807");

BigInteger b = new BigInteger("2");
BigInteger c = a.multiply(b); // 9223372036854775807 * 2
System.out.println(c);
Output: 18446744073709551614
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BigDecimal
BigDecimal a = new BigDecimal(1.0);
BigDecimal b = new BigDecimal(3);
BigDecimal c = a.divide(b, 20, BigDecimal.ROUND_UP);
System.out.println(c);
Maximum number of digits

after the decimal point.
Output: 0.33333333333333333334
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Example
The factorial of an integer can be very large. This
program gives a method that can return the
factorial of any integer.
LargeFactorial
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The String Class
• The class String is used for processing
strings.
• This class has 13 constructors and more
than 40 methods for manipulating strings.
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Constructing Strings
• To create a string from a string literal, use
the syntax:
String newString = new String(stringLiteral);
• Example:
String message = new String("Welcome to Java");
• Since Java treats a string literal as a String object,
the following statement is valid.
String message = "Welcome to Java";
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Constructing Strings
 A string can also be created from an array of
characters.
 Example:
char [ ] charArray = {'J', 'a', 'v', 'a'};
String message = new String(charArray);
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Strings Are Immutable
• A String object is immutable; its contents cannot be
changed. Does the following code change the
contents of the string?
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
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Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";
s : String s : String This string object is

now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"
Contents cannot be changed : String
String object for "HTML"
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Trace Code
String s = "Java";
s = "HTML";
After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";
s : String s : String This string object is

now unreferenced
String object for "Java" String object for "Java"
Contents cannot be changed : String
String object for "HTML"
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Interned Strings
• Since strings are immutable and are
frequently used, to improve efficiency and
save memory, the JVM uses a unique
instance for string literals with the same
character sequence.
• Such an instance is called interned.
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Examples
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; s1
: String
s3
String s2 = new String("Welcome to Java"); Interned string object for
"Welcome to Java"
String s3 = "Welcome to Java";
System.out.println("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); s2 : String

System.out.println("s1 == s3 is " + (s1 == s3));
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"
display A new object is created if you use the

new operator.
s1 == s2 is false
If you use the string initializer, no new
object is created if the interned object is
s1 == s3 is true already created.
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Trace Code
s1
String s1 = "Welcome to Java"; : String
"Welcome to Java"
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Trace Code
s1
"Welcome to Java"
s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"
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Trace Code
s1
s3
"Welcome to Java"
s2 : String
A string object for
"Welcome to Java"
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Replacing and Splitting Strings
java.lang.String
+replace(oldChar: char, Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this
newChar: char): String string with the new character.
+replaceFirst(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in
newString: String): String this string with the new substring.
+replaceAll(oldString: String, Returns a new string that replaces all matching substrings in this
newString: String): String string with the new substring.
+split(delimiter: String): Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the
String[] delimiter.
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Examples
"Welcome".replace('e', 'A') returns a new string, WAlcomA.
"Welcome".replaceFirst("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcome.
"Welcome".replace("e", "AB") returns a new string,
WABlcomAB.
"Welcome".replace("el", "AB") returns a new string,
WABcome.
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Splitting a String
String[] tokens = "Java#HTML#Perl".split("#");
for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++)
System.out.print(tokens[i] + " ");
displays
Java HTML Perl
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Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns
 You can match, replace, or split a string by specifying a

pattern. This is an extremely useful and powerful feature,
commonly known as regular expression.
 Examples: The following statements all evaluate to true.
"Java".matches("Java");
"Java".equals("Java");
"Java is fun".matches("Java.*");
"Java is cool".matches("Java.*");
(The pattern .* matches any zero or more characters/)
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The replaceAll, replaceFirst, and split methods can be used with
a regular expression. For example, the following statement
returns a new string that replaces $, +, or # in "a+b$#c" by the
string NNN.
String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");

System.out.println(s);
Here the regular expression [$+#] specifies a pattern that

matches $, +, or #. So, the output is aNNNbNNNNNNc.
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The following statement splits the string into an array of strings
delimited by some punctuation marks.
String[] tokens = "Java,C?C#,C++".split("[.,:;?]");

Output:
for (int i = 0; i < tokens.length; i++) Java
System.out.println(tokens[i]); C
C#
C++
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Convert Character and Numbers to Strings
• The String class provides several static valueOf

methods for converting a character, an array of
characters, and numeric values to strings.
• These methods have the same name valueOf with
different argument types char, char[], double, long,
int, and float.
• For example, to convert a double value to a string,
use String.valueOf(5.44). The return value is
string consists of characters ‘5’, ‘.’, ‘4’, and ‘4’.
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Convert Character and Numbers to Strings
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Formatting Strings
• The String class contains the static format method
to return a formatted string.
• This method is similar to the printf method except
the format method returns a formatted string.
• Syntax to invoke the format method:
String.format(format, item1, item2, ..., itemk);
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Formatting Strings
String s = String.format("%7.2f%6d%-4s", 45.556,
14, "AB");
//displays 45.56 14AB
denotes a blank space.
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StringBuilder and StringBuffer
• The StringBuilder/StringBuffer class is

an alternative to the String class.
• In general, a StringBuilder/StringBuffer can be
used wherever a string is used.
• StringBuilder/StringBuffer is more flexible than
String.
• You can add, insert, or append new contents into a
string buffer, whereas the value of a String object
is fixed once the string is created.
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StringBuilder and StringBuffer
• The StringBuilder class is similar to StringBuffer except

that the methods for modifying the buffer in StringBuffer
are synchronized, which means that only one task is
allowed to execute the methods.
• Use StringBuffer if the class might be accessed by
multiple task concurrently.
• Using StringBuilder is more efficient if synchronization is
not needed.
• The constructors and methods provided in these two
classes are very similar.
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StringBuilder Constructors
java.lang.StringBuilder
+StringBuilder() Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.

+StringBuilder(capacity: int) Constructs a string builder with the specified capacity.
+StringBuilder(s: String) Constructs a string builder with the specified string.
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Modifying Strings in the Builder
+append(data: char[]): StringBuilder Appends a char array into this string builder.
+append(data: char[], offset: int, len: int): Appends a subarray in data into this string builder.
StringBuilder
+append(v: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder Appends a primitive type value as a string to this
builder.
+append(s: String): StringBuilder Appends a string to this string builder.
+delete(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): Deletes characters from startIndex to endIndex.
StringBuilder
+deleteCharAt(index: int): StringBuilder Deletes a character at the specified index.
+insert(index: int, data: char[], offset: int, Inserts a subarray of the data in the array to the builder
len: int): StringBuilder at the specified index.
+insert(offset: int, data: char[]): Inserts data into this builder at the position offset.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, b: aPrimitiveType): Inserts a value converted to a string into this builder.
StringBuilder
+insert(offset: int, s: String): StringBuilder Inserts a string into this builder at the position offset.
+replace(startIndex: int, endIndex: int, s: Replaces the characters in this builder from startIndex
String): StringBuilder to endIndex with the specified string.
+reverse(): StringBuilder Reverses the characters in the builder.
+setCharAt(index: int, ch: char): void Sets a new character at the specified index in this
builder.
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Examples
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();

s.append("Welcome");
s.append(' ');
s.append("to");
s.append(' ');
s.append("Java");
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Examples
s.insert(11, "HTML"); inserts HTML at index 11.
s.delete(8, 11) deletes the characters from index 8 to 10.
s.deleteCharAt(8) deletes the character at index 8.
s.reverse() reverse the string builder.
s.replace(11, 15, "HTML")
replace the characters from index 11 to 14 with HTML.
s.setCharAt(0, 'w') changes the first character to w.
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The toString, capacity, length,
setLength, and charAt Methods
+toString(): String Returns a string object from the string builder.

+capacity(): int Returns the capacity of this string builder.
+charAt(index: int): char Returns the character at the specified index.
+length(): int Returns the number of characters in this builder.
+setLength(newLength: int): void Sets a new length in this builder.
+substring(startIndex: int): String Returns a substring starting at startIndex.
+substring(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): Returns a substring from startIndex to endIndex-1.
String
+trimToSize(): void Reduces the storage size used for the string builder.
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Problem: Checking Palindromes
This code checks for a palindrome ignoring

non-alphanumeric characters.
PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric
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import java.util.Scanner;
public class PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter a string: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
System.out.println("Ignoring non-alphanumeric characters, \nis "

+ s + " a palindrome? " + isPalindrome(s));
}
public static boolean isPalindrome(String s) {

String s1 = filter(s);
String s2 = reverse(s1);
return s2.equals(s1);
}
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public static String filter(String s) {
StringBuilder s1 = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {

if (Character.isLetterOrDigit(s.charAt(i))) {
s1.append(s.charAt(i));
}
}
return s1.toString();
}
public static String reverse(String s) {

StringBuilder s1 = new StringBuilder(s);
s1.reverse();
return s1.toString();
}
}
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Chapter 10 Thinking in Objects

Association: is a general binary relationship that describes

public class Person {

+Loan() Constructs a default Loan object.

+Integer(value: int) +Double(value: double)

 Class Constants MAX_VALUE, MIN_VALUE

Double y = new Double(2.3);

Double y = new Double("2.3");

int x = Integer.parseInt("11", 2); //11 as a binary number

 Java allows primitive types and wrapper

For example, the following statement in (a) can be simplified as in

(a) New JDK 1.5 boxing (b)

Integer[] intArray = {1, 2, 3};

BigInteger a = new BigInteger("9223372036854775807");

Maximum number of digits

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

After executing String s = "Java"; After executing s = "HTML";

s : String s : String This string object is

Contents cannot be changed : String

String object for "HTML"

System.out.println("s1 == s2 is " + (s1 == s2)); s2 : String

display A new object is created if you use the

 You can match, replace, or split a string by specifying a

String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");

Here the regular expression [$+#] specifies a pattern that

String[] tokens = "Java,C?C#,C++".split("[.,:;?]");

• The String class provides several static valueOf

denotes a blank space.

• The StringBuilder/StringBuffer class is

• The StringBuilder class is similar to StringBuffer except

+StringBuilder() Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.

StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();

+toString(): String Returns a string object from the string builder.

This code checks for a palindrome ignoring

public class PalindromeIgnoreNonAlphanumeric {

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Ignoring non-alphanumeric characters, \nis "

public static boolean isPalindrome(String s) {

for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {

public static String reverse(String s) {

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