CHAPTER VII

CLAUSES
a group of words that includes a subject and a verb to form a simple sentence or
only part of a sentence:
"If I go to town" is a clause, but not a sentence.
Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate (or a verb).
There are two types of clauses
Examples of Clauses:
Independent Clauses are complete sentences. They can stand alone and express a
complete thought.
Examples: I want some cereal.
Marie likes cats.
Joseph is a good soccer player.
Dependent Clauses contain a subject and a predicate, but they do not express a
complete thought.
Examples: When it is raining
Because you were late
Before you go to bed
All of these groups of words contain both a subject and a verb, but they cannot
stand alone. They do not express a complete thought.
Clause Definition: A clause consists of a subject and a verb and is the smallest
grammatical unit that expresses a thought.

•What is a clause? In its simplest form, a clause in grammar is a

subject plus a verb. The subject is the entity “doing” the action of
the sentence and the verb is the action that subject completes. A
clause creates a complete thought (an idea or a statement that can
stand alone).
•A complete thought is also called a main clause or independent
clause (IC).
•Examples of clauses:
•Subject + verb. = complete thought (IC)
•I eat. = complete thought (IC)
•Sharon speaks. = complete thought (IC)
•A clause may include the verb predicate as well. But, it must include at least the
subject and verb to be considered a clause.
• Independent clause definition: An independent clause can stand
alone in a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb in its
smallest form. A clause may also include modifiers and a verb
predicate. It is a complete thought and the smallest unit of
grammar that is syntactically accurate.
• Subject + verb (predicate). = complete thought (IC)
• I eat bananas. = complete thought (IC)
• Sharon speaks loudly. = complete thought (IC)
• Example of Independent Clauses:
• I eat bananas in the kitchen.
• In the kitchen, I eat.
• Here, “I eat” is the subject and verb. An object (“bananas”) and a
prepositional phrase (“in the kitchen”) have been added to the
clause to make it more specific. The entire sentence is an
independent clause because it is a complete thought statement.
• Dependent clause definition: Dependent clauses contain a subject and verb.
However, they cannot stand alone as an independent thought. They must
be joined with an independent clause to be grammatically correct.
• Example of Dependent Clause:
• Every night before I go to bed, I eat bananas.
• This example contains the IC, “I eat bananas.” However, a
dependent clause now opens the sentence. While the
dependent clause contains a subject and a verb (“I go”), the
dependent clause itself cannot stand alone a complete thought.
• Example of Dependent Clause:
• Every night before I go to bed
• This is not a complete thought and therefore not a sentence in
English. Every night before I go to bed…what happens? This
idea must be joined with an independent clause to be
grammatically correct.
• Noun clause definition: A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that
acts as a noun in the sentence. A noun clause will always contain a subject
and a verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
• Example of Noun Clause:
• I remember what you said yesterday.
• Here, the underlined portion is the independent clause that
can stand alone. The italicized words, “what you said
yesterday,” serve as a dependent noun clause.
• The noun clause is acting as the object of the sentence. In the noun clause
“you said” is a subject plus a verb. This creates the clause (a subject plus a
verb). However, “what you said yesterday” cannot stand alone and
therefore must be paired with an independent clause.
• Additional noun clause examples:
• I thought what she wore was so chic.
• Whomever you confide in is a person you can trust.
• Adjective clause definition: An adjective clause is a type of dependent clause that acts
as an adjective in the sentence. An adjective clause will always contain a subject and a
verb. However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
• An adjective clause will always begin with one of the following words:
• Relative Pronouns List:
• that
• where
• who
• whom
• which
• Relative Adverbs List:
• when
• where
• why
• Example of Adjective Clause:
• The boy who you saw at the store committed a robbery.
• The adjective clause is acting as an adjective in this sentence. The adjective clause
describes the boy. It contains a subject and a verb, “you saw.” However, it cannot
stand alone as a complete thought. “Who you saw at the robbery” is not a complete
statement.
• Adverbial clause definition: An adverbial clause is a type of
dependent clause that acts as an adverb in the sentence. An
adverbial clause will always contain a subject and a verb.
However, it cannot stand alone as a complete thought.
• Example of Adverbial Clause:
• You will continue driving north until you see a stop sign.
• The adverbial clause is acting as an adverb in this sentence.
The adverbial clause modifies how you will drive. The
adverbial clause contains a subject and verb, “you will
continue.” However, it cannot stand alone as a complete
thought. “Until you see a stop sign” is not a complete
statement.
• Additional adverbial clause examples:
• After the movie ended, we ate ice cream.
• Beth visits her grandfather whenever she is in town.
• Adjective Clause
• Jenis – jenis Relative Pronoun dapat dilihat pada tabel di bawah ini :

• Who
• Subject of person
• E.g.: - The girl is my sister
• - She broke this door yesterday
•  The girl who broke this door yesterday is my sister
• Whom
• Object of person
• E.g.: - The man looked so tired
• - I saw him driving a car
•  The man whom i saw driving a car looked so tired
• Whose
• Possesive of person and thing
• E.g.: - The boy looks hungry
• - His shoes is green
•  The boy whose shoes is green looks hungry
• Which
• Subject and object of thing
• E.g.: - The book is expensive
• - I bouht it in the bookstore over there
•  The book which i bought in the bookstore over there
is expensive

• Of which
• Possesive of thing
• E.g.: - The car is old
• - Its doors are broken
•  The house, doors of which are broken, is old. (or)
• The House of which does broken, is old.
• Adverbial Clause
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata keterangan.
• Jenis – jenis :
• Adverb of Reason
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan alasan.
• Kata : Because, as, since, for
• E.g.: He forgot to lock the door because he as in hurry.
• Adverb Clause of Result
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan hasil dari suatu pekerjaan.
• Kata : - so/hence/thus/therefore/consequnetly
• so + adj/adv + that (sangat...sehingga)
• such + noun + that (...sehingga)
• E.g.: He didn’t study hard; therefore, he didn’t pass the test
• Adverb Clause of Purpose
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan tujuan dari suatu
pekerjaan.
• Kata : so that, in order that, in order to + V1
• E.g.:- The question is so difficult that i can’t answer it
• - This is such a difficult question that i can’t answer it
• Adverb Clause of Contrast
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menunjukan pertentangan
• Kata : - although, eventhough
• - however, nevertheless, whereas, still +S+P
• - on the other hand, but, yet

• E.g.: - Although it rains heavily, he still goes out

• Adverb Clause of Place
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan tempat.
• Kata : where, wherever
• E.g.: This is the town where i was born
• Adverb Cluse of Time
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu.
• Kata : when, after, before, while, since
• E.g.: It’s the week when i started to work here
•  
• Noun Clause
• Anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda dengan menggunakan:
• That, what, who, which +S+P
• Where, when, why, whether
• Posisi :
• Sebagai Subjek
• Terletak di awal kalimat
• E.g.: - What he has done admired everybody in his class room.
• - Whether he could pass the test will be announced next week.
• Sebagai Objek
• Terletak setelah kata kerja
• E.g.: - Nobody knows why she has involved in the school
fighting yesterday.
• - She realizes that she has lost her new green shoes.
• Sebagai Pelengkap
• Terletak disebelah to be atau berfungsi sebagai pelengap
keterangan.
• E.g.: - That is what i want.
• - I have no idea why she leaves me alone.
• All of these groups of words (Independent Clauses and
dependent Clauses) contain both a subject and a verb, but
they cannot stand alone. They do not express a complete
thought.

• There are three main types of dependent clauses: adjective,

adverb, and noun. They are named by the way they function
in a sentence.

• An adjective clause describes or gives more information about

a noun-tells us which one, what kind, or how many.
• Example: The bag that someone left on the bus belongs to
Mrs. Smith.
• An adverb clause describes or gives more information about the
verb-tells us when, where, how, to what extent, or under what
condition something is happening.

• Example: She cried because her seashell was broken.

• A noun clause takes the place of a noun in the sentence.

• Example: Whoever ate the last piece of pie owes me!