Nature

of
Learning
Disabilit
y
Learning
0
Objective
Objective
1
1

:
02 Objectivve 2

03 Objectivve 3

04 Objectivve 4
 Definition of Learning
Disability under the
Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act.
Specific Learning
Disability
•means a disorder in one or more basic psychological
processes involved in understanding or in using language;
spoken or written.
•The term includes conditions such as perceptual disabilities,
brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and
developmental aphasia.
•The term does not apply to children who have learning problems
that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor
disabilities, mental retardation, emotional disturbance, or
environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage.
•Learning Disabilities are characterized by Intra-individual
differences, usually in the form of a discrepancy between a
learner ' s ability and his or her achievements in areas such
as writing, reading, mathematics, or speaking.
•Some learners with learning disabilities also have difficulties in
social relations.
•Intra-individual differences are differences within a learner
across academic areas.
•It is important to understand that Learning disabilities are
defined differently in different groups.
 What does
"DISCREPANCY
"mean?
•Discrepancy refers to a difference between ability and
achievement.
•A learner with a learning disability may in general terms, seem
quite capable of learning but having a unexpected difficulty in one
or more academic areas.
•The concept of discrepancy as probably used to differentiate
between learners who have low achievements because of
low ability.
•A learner has a learning disability if he or she does not achieve at
the proper age and ability levels and has a severe discrepancy
between achievement and intellectual ability in one or more of the
following areas: Oral expression, listening comprehension,
written expression, basic reading skills, reading
comprehension, mathematics calculation, and mathematics
reasoning.
Indicators
of Learning
Disability
What
causes
Learning
Disability?
Errors in Fetal Brain
Development
•Throughout pregnancy, brain development is vulnerable to
disruptions. If the disruption occurs early, the fetus may die or the
infant may be born with widespread disabilities and possibly
mental retardation.
 Other Factors that Affect
Brain Development
•Genetic Factors
-The fact that learning disabilities tend to run in families
indicates that there may be a genetic link. Some learning
difficulties may actually stem from the family environment.
• Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drug use
-Mothers who smoke during pregnancy may be more likely to

bear smaller babies. Usually, those weighing less than 5 pounds

tend to be at risk for a variety of problems including learning
disorders.
 Alcoho
l
- heavy alcohol use during pregnancy has been linked to fetal
alcohol syndrome which influences the child ' s development and
leads to problems with learning attention, memory, and problem -
solving.
 Problems during Pregnancy
or Delivery

•This type of disruption seems to cause newly formed brain

cells to settle in the wrong part of the brain. The Ubilical cord
may become twisted and temporarily cut off oxygen to the
fetus that can lead to a learning disability.
 Toxins in the Child's
Development
•Environmental toxins may lead to Learning disability possibly
by disrupting childhood brain development or brain processes.

•In Addition, children with cancer who had been treated

with chemotherapy or radiation at an early age may lead
also to learning disability.
 Preschoo
l
•The child has difficulty in the following areas of development:
•Learning the alphabet
•Rhyming words
•Connecting spoken sounds with letters
•Counting and learning numbers
•Being understood when he or she speaks to a stranger
•Reacting too much or too little to touch

•Using words or later, stringing words together into phrases

•Pronouncing words

•Walking forward or up and down the stairs

•Remembering the names of colors

•Dressing him or herself without assistance.

 Elementary
School
•The child has a difficulty in the following areas of
development :
•Reading accurately
•Learning new vocabulary
•Speaking in full sentence
•Understanding the rules of conversation
•Retelling stories
•Remembering newly learned information
•Playing with peers
•Moving from one activity to another
•Expressing thoughts verbally in writing
•Holding a pencil
•Writing letters and numerals by hand
•Computing math problems at his or her grade
level
•Following directions
•Remembering routines
•Learning new skills
•Understanding what she or he reads
• Succeeding in one or more subject areas
• Drawing or copying shapes
• Understanding what information is presented in class is
important
• Modulating voice
• Keeping materials neat and assignments organized
• Remembering and sticking to deadlines
• Understanding how to play age - appropriate games
 Adolescence and
adulthood
• The individual has difficulty :
• Remembering newly learned information
• Staying organized
• Understanding what she or he reads
• Getting along with peers and coworkers
• Finding or keeping a job
• Understanding jokes that are sarcastic
• Making appropriate remarks
• Expressing thoughts verbally or in writing
• Following directions
• Using basic skills
• Using proper grammar in spoken or written
communication
• Remembering and sticking to deadlines
Do
Children
outgrow
Learning
Disability?
•A true learning disability never goes away. But with
understanding and effort, they can learn to use their many
strengths to " compensate " for weaker processing skills

•Many Learning disability people are highly creative and " gifted "
in many ways. Even very famous and very successful people
have Learning disabilities
 Famous people who have/had
a learning disability
• Louisa May Alcott
• George Bernard Shaw
• Thomas Edison
• Hans Christian Andersen
• Albert Einstein
• Tom Cruise
 Facts about Learners with
Learning Disabilities
• Learning Disabilities are often referred to as " hidden handicaps "

•These disabilities may go unrecognized by parents, teachers,

and physicians.

• IQ's may affect different areas of a persons life.

• Given labels such as " underachiever ' s " " Lazy " or " weird " .
•Need early identification, remedial teaching to their needs, and
personal and family counseling.
•There are numerous ways for teachers to elicit interest and
participation to engage learners with learning disability.
•As many as 50 % will drop out of school prior to high school
graduation.
• More likely to encounter trouble with the law.
TYPES OF
LEARNING
DISABILITIE
S
Learning
Objective
:
PROTAGONIST ANTAGONIST TERTIARY CHARACTERS

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Canva presentation to Presentations by pressing Share tasks and work
emphasize ideas and C for confetti, D for a simultaneously to create a
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memorable.
 What is a “significant reduced ability to understand new
or complex information, to learn new skills (

Learning impaired intelligence), with a reduced ability to

cope independently (impaired social functioning)

Disability
, which started before adulthood”.

- Department of health,(n.d)

?
Mean a disorder in one or more basic
psychological processes involved in
understanding or in using language, spoken or
written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect
ability to listen, speak, read, write, spell, or to do
the mathematical calculation.
What causes
learning diability?
ERROR IN FETAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

- Throughout pregnancy, the fetal brain develops from a few all-

purpose cells into a complex organ made of billions of specialized,
interconnected nerve cells called neurons. During this amazing
evolution, things can go wrong that may alter how the neurons form or
interconnect.
Other Factors that
affect brain
development
Through experiments with animals, scientists
at National Institute of mental health (NIMH)
and other research facilities are tracking clues
to determine what disrupts bran development.
 OTHER 0 GENETIC FACTORS
FACTORS THAT 1 the fact that learning disabilities tend to run in

AFFECT
families indicates that there may be a
genetic link .

BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT 02 TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND OTHER
DRUG USE
many drugs taken by the mother
passes directly to the fetus.

03 ALCOHOL

also may be dangerous to the fetus ' developing

brain. it appears that alcohol may distort that
developing neurons.
 OTHER 04 DRUGS SUCH AS COCAINE
FACTORS THAT especially in its " smokable " form known as

AFFECT
crack seems to affect the normal development
of brain receptors.

BRAIN
DEVELOPMENT 05 PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY OR
DELIVERY
other possible causes of learning
disabilities involve complication during
pregnancy. .

06 TO X I N S IN THE CHILD ' S ENVIROMENT

New brain cells and neural networks continue

to be produced for a year or so after the
child is born.
Types of
learning
disabiliti
es
DYSLEXIA
is a learning disorder that involves difficulty
reading due to problems identifying speech
sounds and learning how they relate to letters
and words ( decoding ). Also called reading
disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain
that process language.

- mayoclinic.org
 Seasaw
River effect
effect

Swirl
effect
Dyscalculi
a
is a term referring to a wide range of difficulties
with maths, including weaknesses in
understanding the meaning of numbers, and
difficulty applying mathematical principles to
solve problems. Dyscalculia is rarely identified
early.
-
dsf.net.au
Dysgraphi
a
is a term that refers to trouble with writing.
Many experts view dysgraphia as a challenge
with a set of skills known as transcription. These
skills — handwriting, typing, and spelling —
allow us to produce writing.

- understood.org
REFERENCES

https: // www.mentalhealth.org.uk/cy/node/1955#:~:text=A%20lear
ning % 20disability % 20is % 20defined, % 2C % 20which % 20started % 20
before % 20adulthood % E2 % 80 % 9D. https: // www.mayoclinic.org/
diseases- conditions / dyslexia / symptoms - causes / syc - 20353552
https: // dsf.net.au / learning - difficulties / dyscalculia / what - is -
dyscalculia https: // www.understood.org/articles/en/understanding-
dysgraphia
 Thank
you!
D O Y O U H AV E A N Y F O L L O W - U P Q U E S T I O N S F O R M E ?