Preliminary

Concepts in
Geometry
Geometry 9
 Table of Contents

0 Logical 0 Building Blocks

of Geomemtry
1 Reasoning 2
01 Logical Reasoning
 DEFINITION
DEFINITION
THEOREM
a statement of the meaning of a word, or term or
phrase which made use of previously defined terms any statement that can be prove true

POSTULATE COROLLARY

a statement which is accepted as true without proof a theorem that follows easily from a previously
proved theorem
 CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
If it is 9:30 AM, then it must be daytime.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENT
a statement in if – then form
Hypothesis – the statement after if
Conclusion – the statement after then
CONVERSE STATEMENT
a statement formed by interchanging the hypothesis
and the conclusion of the conditional statement
INVERSE STATEMENT
a statement formed by reversing and negating the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the conditional
statement
CONTRAPOSITIVE STATEMENT
a statement formed by interchanging the hypothesis
and conclusion of the inverse statement
“Two angles with the same measure are
congruent”

BICONDITIONAL STATEMENT

If a conditional statement and its converse are both

true. Its part is connected by the phrase if and only
if.

“Complementary angles are any two angles whose

sum of their measures is 90”
DEDUCTIVE REASONING

a series of logical steps in which a conclusion is drawn directly from a

set of statements (premise) that are assumed to be true

If two numbers are odd, then their sum is even.

The numbers 3 and 5 are odd numbers.
The sum of 3 and 5 is even.

If you want good health, then you should get 8 hours sleep each day.
Aaron wants good health.
Aaron should get 8 hours of sleep each day.
INDUCTIVE REASONING

a process of observing data, recognizing patterns and making

generalizations from observations

A student in a science class takes a piece of salt, turns it over a burning

candle and observes that it burnd with a yellow flame. He does this with
many other pieces of salt, finding they all burn with a yeloow flame. The
student therefore makes the conjecture: All salt burns with a yellow flame

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, …
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, …
1, 11, 22, 34, 47, …
 Building Blocks of
02 Geometry
 Undefined Terms in Geometry
Points Lines
Two capital letters with a double
arrow head above them or a lower
Capital letter case letter
Has no length, width or Has infinite length but has
thickness; occupies no space now width and thickness; is
straight
Plane
Single capital letter
Has infinite length and
width but no thickness; is a
flat surface
 Definition
SPACE
COLLINEAR POINTS
the set of all points
points that lie on the same line

FIGURE COPLANAR POINTS

any set of points points that lie on the same plane

 Definition

Intersecting Lines Perpendicular Lines Parallel Lines

two lines with a common two lines intersect to coplanar lines that do not
point form four right angles intersect
 Definition

Parallel Planes
planes that have no
common points

Concurrent Lines Skew Lines Intersecting Planes

two lines with a common two lines that are not planes that intersect in a
point coplanar line
 Use the word parallel, perpendicular,
Use the figure at the right. Identify each set
coplanar and intersecting or concurrent to
of points as collinear, coplanar,
describe how the figure on the box are
noncollinear or non coplanar
related
1. Plane I and Plane H
1. A, G, T 2. Lines XK and BN
2. A, G, E, P 3. Lines OP, PK and PE
3. P, G, R 4. Lines BX and BN
4. T, G, N, E 5. Points X, N and L
5. P, G, T 6. Points B, L, N
 Definition

Opposite Rays Midpoint Segment Bisector

two rays with a common point that divides the a segment, ray, line or
point extends infinitely in segment into two plane that intersects a
opposite direction congruent segments segment at its midpoint
Use the following terms to describe the relationship between the segment in each figure;
midpoint, congruent, perpendicular and segment bisector
 Angles and Angle Measure
Angles Exterior Pt of an Angle
formed by two non-collinear points that lies on the segment
rays that have a common whose endpoints are on the
endpoint sides of the angle

Points on the Angle Interior Pt of an Angle

points that lies on the angle points that lies on the segment
itself whose endpoints are outside of
the angle
 Refer to the figure at the left

1. Name a point in the interior of ∠OGE

2. Name two angles that have N as vertex
3. List all angles that have E as vertex
4. Name a pair of opposite rays
5. List all angles that have (GL) ⃗ as a side
6. Is ∠E a valid name for one of the angles in
the figure?
 Kinds of Angles

Acute Angle Right Angle Obtuse Angle

an angle whose
  measure is an angle whose
  measure an angle whose measure is
greater than but less than is exactly greater than 90° but less
than 180°
 Angle Pair

Verical Angles Complementary Angles Supplementary Angles

nonadjacent angles formed two angles with
  the sum two angles with the sum of
by two intersecting lines of 180°
 Angles and Angle Measure

Angle Bisector Adjacent Angle Linear Pair

a ray that divides the angle two coplanar angles that adjacent angles that are
into two congruent angles have a common side supplementary
between then but have no
interior points in common
 Refer to the figure at the left

1. Name a pair of cute vertical angles

2. Name a pair of obtuse vertical angles
3. Which angle forms a linear pair with ∠XCT?
4. Which angle is supplementary to ∠XCV?
5. Which angle is complementary to ∠XCV?
6. If m∠VCE = 15x - 21 and m∠XCR = 12x + 6,
find x and m∠XCR
 Plane Geometric Figures
SIDE/EDGE EXTERIOR ANGLE

one of the line segments that make the angle formed by two adjacent
up the polygon sides outside the polygon

VERTEX APOTHEM

the segment connecting the center of

a point where the side meet
a polygon and the midpoint of a side

INTERIOR ANGLE
DIAGONAL CENTRAL ANGLE
the angle formed by two adjacent
sides inside the polygon
a line connecting two non-adjacent the angle subtended by a side about
vertices the center
 Types of Polygon

Convex Polygon Concave Polygon

a polygon in which all interior angles a polygon in which one or more
have a measure less than to 180 interior angles have a measure greater
than 180
Determine if each of the figure below is a List the side and vertices of each polygon.
polygon or not How many diagonals can be drawn from
each polygon?
Determine which regions are convex and which are concave.
 Classification of Triangles
According to Sides

Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle

a triangle with no equal a triangle with at least a triangle with three sides
sides two congruent sides congruent
 Classification of Triangles
According to Angles

Acute Triangle Right Triangle Obtuse Triangle

a triangle each of whose a triangle containing an a triangle that has one angle
angles measures less than 90 angle of 90 degrees that is greater than 90
degrees degrees
 Special Triangle

Legs of a Right Triangle

the side of a right triangle

which are perpendicular

Hypotenuse
the side opposite the right
angle

the longest side in a right Right Triangle

triangle
 Special Triangle
Legs of an Isosceles Base Angles
Right Triangle
the side of an isosceles angles opposite the legs
triangle which are of an isosceles triangle
congruent

Base of an Isosceles Vertex Angles

Triangle
the side opposite the vertex the angle opposite the base
angle Isosceles Right of an isosceles

Triangle
 Refer to the figure at the left

1. Identify a right triangle

2. Identify an isosceles triangle
3. Name the vertex angle
4. Name the hypotenuse
5. Name the base angle
6. Name the vertices of the right triangle
7. Name the legs of the isosceles triangle
8. Name the side opposite ∠O
9. Name the angle opposite (MO)
 Circles and Some Related Terms
Center of a Cirlcle
the point that is the same
distance from all the points on
a circle

Radius
a line segment from the
center to any point on the
circle
Chord Circumference
Diameter a line segment that joins two the distance around a circle
a line segment that goes points on a circle
through the center of a
circle
 Circles and Some Related Terms
Tangent Line
a line that touches the circle at
exactly one point

Point of Tangency
a point of intersection
between the tangent line and
the circle

Secant Line Central Angle Arc

a line that touches the circle an angle formed by two parts of the circumference
at exactly two points radii of the circle
 Inscribed Polygon Circumscribed Polygon
a polygon whose sides are chords of a a polygon whose sides are tangent to
circle a circle
Give the appropriate terms for each figure
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Geometric Solids

Rectangular Prism
a solid shape which has two rectangular
bases that are parallel and congruent
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Geometric Solids

Cube
a solid shape having 6 square faces. It
has 8 vertices and 12 edges
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Geometric Solids

Triangular Prism
a solid shape which has two triangular
bases that are parallel and congruent. It
has 6 vertices, 5 faces and 9 edges
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Geometric Solids
Pyramid
a solid shape which one base. We classified the pyramid according to its base
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Geometric Solids

Cylinder
a solid shape which has two circular
bases that are parallel and congruent. It
has one curved surface
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Geometric Solids

Cone
it has one circular base and one vertex
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Geometric Solids

Sphere
a set of points in space at a fixed
distance ( its radius) from a fixed point
(its center)