Digital Image Processing

Chapter 2: Digital Image

Fundamentals
 Elements of Visual Perception

 Structure
of the
human
eye
 Rods and cones in the retina
 Image formation in the eye
 Brightness adaptation and
discrimination
 Brightness discrimination
 Weber ratio
 Perceived
brightness
 Simultaneous contrast
 Optical
illusion
Light and the Electromagnetic
Spectrum
 Wavelength
c


E  h
Image Sensing and Acquisition
 Image acquisition using a single
sensor
 Using
sensor
strips
 A simple
image
formation
model
 Illumination and reflectance
 Illumination and transmissivity

f ( x, y )  i ( x, y ) r ( x, y )
Image Sampling and Quantization
 Sampling
and
quantization
 Representing digital images
 Saturation and noise
 Number of storage bits
 Spatial and gray-level resolution
 Subsampled
and resampl
ed
 Reducing
spatial
resolution
 Varying
the
number
of gray
levels
 Varying t
he numb
er of gra
y levels
 N and k in different-details images
 Isopreference
 Interpolations
 Zooming
and
shrinking
Some Basic Relationships Between
Pixels

 Neighbors of a pixel
 N 4 ( p ) : 4-neighbors of p
( x  1, y ) , ( x  1, y ) , ( x, y  1) , ( x, y  1)

N D ( p ) : four diagonal neighbors of p

( x  1, y  1) , ( x  1, y  1) , ( x  1, y  1) ,
( x  1, y  1)
N 8 ( p ) : 8-neighbors of p
N 4 ( p ) and N D ( p )
 Adjacency

V : The set of gray-level values used
to define adjacency
 4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with
values from V are 4-adjacency if q is in
the set N 4 ( p )
 8-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with
values from V are 8-adjacency if q is in
the set N 8 ( p )
 m-adjacency (mixed adjacency): Two
pixels p and q with values from V are
m-adjacency if
 q is in N 4 ( p ), or
 q is in N ( p )and the set N ( p )  N ( q )
D 4 4
has no pixels whose values are from V
 Subset adjacency
 S1 and S2 are adjacent if some pixel in
S1 is adjacent to some pixel in S2
 Path
 A path from p with coordinates ( x, y ) to
pixel q with coordinates ( s, t ) is a
sequence of distinct pixels with
coordinates
 ( x , y ), ( x , y ) ,…, ( xn , y n )
0 0 1 1
where ( x0 , y0 )= ( x, y ) , ( xn , yn ) = ( s, t ) ,
and pixels ( xi , yi ) and ( xi 1 , yi 1 ) are
adjacent
 Region
 We call R a region of the image if R is a
connected set
 Boundary
 The boundary of a region R is the set of
pixels in the region that have one or
more neighbors that are not in R
 Edge
 Pixels with derivative values that
exceed a preset threshold
 Distance measures
 Euclidean distance
1
De ( p, q )  [( x  s ) 2  ( y  t ) ]
2 2

 City-block distance
D4 ( p, q) | ( x  s ) |  | ( y  t ) |

 Chessboard distance
D8 ( p, q)  max(| ( x  s ) |, | ( y  t ) |)
 Dm distance: The shortest m-path
between the points
An Introduction to the Mathematical
Tools Used in Digital Image Processing

 Linear operation
 H is said to be a linear operator if, for
any two images f and g and any two
scalars a and b,

H (af  bg )  aH ( f )  bH ( g )
 Arithmetic
operations
 Addition
 Arithmetic op
erations
 Subtraction
 Digital
subtraction
angiography
 Shading correction
 Image multiplication
 Set operations
 Complements
 Logical
operations
 Single-
pixel
operations
 Neighborhood
operations
 Affine transformations
 Inverse mapping
 Registration
 Vector
operations
 Image transforms
 Fourier transform
 Probabilistic methods