Gas Turbine Power Plant Operation

INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL (I&C)

Gas Turbine – Working Principle
The gas turbine converts the energy released
in the combustion process of the fuel gas and
air into mechanical energy in the turbine shaft
(work).

In this session we will focusing in how to

control gas turbine during its operation.
What is Automation/Control?
A machine’s automation system is the technical counterpart to the actions of the human body:
Instrumentation and Control
System Input
Human Body Automation

• five sense • pressure, temperature, flow, photoelectric, inductive,

capacitive, position/distance measurement sensors,
vibration sensors, camera
Instrumentation and Control
System Logic

Human Body Automation

• Brain • Controller, PLC, DCS

Instrumentation and Control
System Output

Human Body Automation

• Muscle • Valves, drives, motors

Gas Turbine – Control Principle
Control System is designed to fulfilled all gas
turbine control duty:
◦ Fuel gas (or any other fuel) control
◦ Inlet air control
◦ Water/steam injection control

To meet requirement of the speed, load control

(part load, full load), temperature control and
emission control.
Also provide first line protection of gas turbine
system against unsafe and adverse operating
condition.
Fire Triangle
In simple, to control gas turbine we have to control 3
elements of the fire triangle.
◦ Oxygen  control inlet air
◦ Fuel  control the fuel gas
◦ Heat  control the ignition and combustion
temperature

Those 3 elements shall be control during all

operation mode:
◦ Start up
◦ Full speed no load (FSNL)
◦ Part Load
◦ Full Load
◦ Over firing
◦ Load rejection
◦ Shut down & cool down
“Simplified”
Control System
Important Components:
◦ IGV (inlet guide vane)
◦ FCV (fuel control valve)
◦ EGT (exhaust gas temperature)
◦ Speed sensor – measure shaft speed
◦ Wattmeter – measure GT load
Protective System Function
The protective system provide protection
during the following events:
◦ Overspeed
◦ Overtemperature
◦ Vibration
◦ Loss of Flame
◦ Loss of lubrication
◦ Fire (protection and suppression)
 Gas Turbine System
Observed Operation Parameter
Fuel System Inlet and Compressor Section Turbine and Exhaust Section

1. Fuel flow and Pressure include pressure 1. Inlet pressure and temperature. 1. Turbine speed
drop.
2. Outlet (discharge) pressure and 2. Wheel space temperature
2. Fuel Temperature. temperature.
3. Variable nozzle position
3. Bleed valve position.
3. Fuel manifold pressure and temperature. 4. Inlet and Exhaust temperature
4. Air filter pressure drop.
Lube Oil System 5. Vibration
5. Compressor speed.
4. Lube oil tank temperature. Electrical system
6. Vibration
5. Lube oil header temperature and pressure. 6. Load (MW)
6. Lube oil filter differential pressure. 7. Voltage

7. Lube oil tank level. 8. Current

8. Bearing metal temperature. 9. Frequency

Instrumentation & Control
Failure Mode & Preventive Maintenance

What could go wrong with How to prevent that?

instrumentation: ◦ Calibration (online/offline)
◦ Wrong indication (drift, offset) ◦ Control Loop Checks (offline)
◦ Freeze value ◦ Function Test (offline)
◦ Wrong valve opening ◦ Physical Instrumentation checks (online)
◦ Valve jammed ◦ Online Diagnostic & Condition Monitoring
◦ Controller Error ◦ Smart sensor
◦ ◦ Analytics data platform
Short/broken fuse
◦ Digital connectivity
◦ Leak instrument air
Instrumentation & Control
Advance Condition Monitoring
Statistical model with advanced
Artificial Intelligent (AI) /
Machine Learning can provide
necessary alarm before the
condition worsen.
It simulate the estimate value
and monitor the gap between
estimate and actual. It will
trigger alarm based on the gap.
Such alarm can be triggered far
below static alarm threshold,
and provide enough time for
operation team to take action.
Control Network