Lect02 - Complex Functions and Mapping

‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

Ministry of Higher Education
‫ جامعة أم القرى‬- ‫وزارة التعليم العالي‬
‫كلية الهندسة و العمارة اإلسالمية‬ 8023010 Umm Al-Qura University
College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture
‫قسم الهندسة الكهربائية‬ ADVANCED ENGINEERING Electrical Engineering Department
MATHEMATICS
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Lecture 2
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
OUTLINE
Lecture 2 Complex functions and Mapping
2.1 Complex functions:

• Definition of function, domain, and range
• Real and Imaginary parts of a Complex function
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• Complex function in polar coordinates
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2.2 Complex function as Mappings:
• What is mapping?
• Parametric curves in the complex plane
• Common parametric curves
2.3 Linear Mappings:
• Definition of linear mapping
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• Translation, rotation , and magnification
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2.4 Special Power functions:
• Power function f(z) = z2
• Power function f(z) = zn, n>2
• Power function f(z) = z1/n, Principal square root function f(z) = z1/2
2.5 Reciprocal function:
• Circles, disks, neighborhood, open sets, annulus, domain, bounded sets
2.6 Limits and Continuity:
Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture Dr Esam Yosry 2

2.1 Complex functions
A function f from a set A to a set B is a rule of correspondence
that assigns to each element in A one and only one element in B
We have:
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1- real-valued function of a real variable, y = f (x)
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2- Complex function of a complex variable, ω = f (z)
The set of inputs is called the Domain of f or Dom (f)

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The set of image values of f is called the Range of f or Range (f)
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Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 3
f(z) f(z)
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f(z)
f(z) is a function f(z) is a function
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f(z) is not a function
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Real and Imaginary parts of a Complex function
We can replace the complex function ω = f (z) by two real-valued
functions,
u = f (x,y) and v = f (x,y)
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1. A function f can be defined without using the symbol z.
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2. Sometimes, we can express f (z) only by u = f (x,y) and v = f (x,y)
3. But in all cases, we can determine f (z) in terms of z and z

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Polar Coordinates
We can also replace the complex function ω = f (z) by two real-
valued functions,
u = f (r, θ ) and v = f (r, θ )
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 The study of complex functions is analogous to the study of real
multi-variable functions of two variables u and v
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 As special cases of complex functions:
• Real-valued function of a real variable, y(x) = 3x
• Real-valued function of two real variables, u(x, y) = 3x – 2y
• Real-valued function of a complex variable, ω = Re(z)
• Complex-valued function of a real variable, ω(t) = 3t + i cos t
Express f(z) = z2 in the form u = f (r, θ ) v = f (r, θ )
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Dr Esam Yosry
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Summary:
We studied three methods to express a complex function:
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1. Direct function of z : ω = f (z)
2. The real and imaginary parts in terms of x and y

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u = f (x, y ) and v = f (x, y )
3. The real and imaginary parts in terms of r and θ
u = f (r, θ ) and v = f (r, θ )

Survey #1
learn complex numbers and their properties, use the polar form
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of complex numbers, their powers and roots, and represent
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them in the complex plane, as well as to use them solving in
engineering problems.
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Dr Esam Yosry
2.2 Complex functions as Mappings
if f is a real-valued function of a real variable, then the graph of f
is a curve in the Cartesian plane.
For each x, there is one y  (x, y)

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Dr Esam Yosry
if f is a complex function, then
For each z(x, y) there is one ω(u, v)  (x, y, u, v)

four-dimensional space
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Dr Esam Yosry
Thus, we cannot draw a graph for a complex function on a 2D plane
Instead, we use Mapping

Every point in the z-plane has a corresponding image (point) in the w-plane
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 Usually we choose the set S to be a subset of C not all C
Steps of Mapping:
 Graph the set of points S
 Find the equation (y = f (x )) of each boundary curve of the set S.
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 Express the function ω = f (z) in the form: u = f (x,y) and v = f
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(x,y).
 For each boundary, substitute on y (or x) in u and v
 Remove the other variable x (or y) to find a relation v = f(u)

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between u and v
 Graph the relation v = f(u) in the u-v plane. This will be the image
of the selected boundary.
 Repeat for other boundaries. Graph the image set S’.
 You can double check by choosing any point (x,y), then find the
corresponding (u,v) and see if it is in S’ or not.
Steps of Mapping:
Graph S Find u(x,y) and

v(x,y) for the
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mapping
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function f(z)
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Find the
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Find y=f(x) for corresponding Grap
each boundary v=f(u) for each h the
boundary image
S’

Find the image of the half-plane Re(z) ≥ 2 under the complex
mapping w = iz and represent the mapping graphically
Dr Esam Yosry

Re
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𝑤=𝑖𝑧 ⇒ 𝑖 ( 𝑥 +𝑖𝑦 ) =− 𝑦 +𝑖𝑥

𝑢=− 𝑦 , 𝑣=𝑥

y = f(x)
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x=2
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v = f(u)
For any point z on this line we
have z = 2+iy where −∞ < y < ∞
But f(z)= iz as given
𝑓 ( 2+𝑖𝑦 )=𝑖 ( 2+𝑖𝑦 ) =− 𝑦 +2𝑖 =𝑢+2 𝑖 ⇒ 𝑣 =𝑓 (𝑢)


Find the image of the vertical line x = 1 under the complex
mapping w = z2 and represent the mapping graphically

𝑥=1
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2 2 2 2
𝑤 = 𝑧 ⇒ ( 𝑥+ 𝑖𝑦 ) =𝑥 − 𝑦 +𝑖 2 𝑥𝑦

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2 2
𝑢=𝑥 − 𝑦 , 𝑣=2 𝑥𝑦

y = f(x) For any point z on this line we have z = 1+iy

where −∞ < y < ∞. But f(z)= z2 as given
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2
𝑢(1 , 𝑦)=1 − 𝑦 , 𝑣 (1 , 𝑦)=2 𝑦

2 2 1 2
𝑣 =4 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑢=1− 𝑣
4

Find the image of the line joining the two points –1+3i and 2+6i
under the complex mapping w = z – 2i Im(z) and represent the
mapping graphically
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
𝑧 1=−1+3 𝑖 , 𝑧 2 =2+6 𝑖
𝑦=𝑚𝑥+C =𝑥+ 4

− 𝑣=𝑥 +4

Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry

𝑥=− 𝑣 − 4
𝑢=𝑥 , 𝑣 =− 𝑦

𝑢=− 𝑣 − 4

𝑣 =−𝑢 − 4

𝑢1=− 1 , 𝑣 1=−3 𝑣 =−𝑢 − 4

Check
𝑢 =2, 𝑣 =−6
2 2
Quiz #2
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Dr Esam Yosry
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Parametric Curves in the complex plane
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Notes:
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1. t is a real variable
2. z(t) represents a set of points (generally curve) in the space S.

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Parametrization of a line
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 For a line passing z0 and z1, the
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parametric equation is:
z(t) - z0 = t (z1 - z0)

Common Parametric curves:
 Line:
For a line passing through z0 and z1, the parametric equation is:
z (t )  z 0 (1  t )  z 1t  t  
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Dr Esam Yosry
 Line segment:
For a line segment from z0 to z1, the parametric equation is:
z (t )  z 0 (1  t )  z 1t 0 t 1
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Dr Esam Yosry
 Ray:
For a ray emanating from z0 and passing through z1, :
z (t )  z 0 (1  t )  z 1t 0 t  

Common Parametricc curves:
 Circle:
For a circle centered at z0 with radius r, the parametric equation is:

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z (t )  z 0  r (cos t  i sin t ) 0  t  2
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In exponential form:
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z (t )  z 0  re it
0  t  2

Steps of Mapping:
Graph S
Find z(t) for S
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Substitute by
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Find the
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z(t) in the
function corresponding
w=f(z) to get graph of w(t) Graph the
w(t) image S’

Find the image of the line segment form 1 to i under the

complex mapping   iz
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Dr Esam Yosry
See Example 3 page 64 in the textbook
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Try other method !!!
Find the image of the line segment form 1 to i under the

complex mapping   iz
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Dr Esam Yosry
´ )=− 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑥
𝑤 =𝑖 ( 𝑥+𝑖𝑦

𝑦=𝑚𝑥+C =− 𝑥 +1
𝑢=− 𝑦 , 𝑣=− 𝑥
−𝑢=𝑣+1

𝑣 =−𝑢 −1
𝑢1=− 1 , 𝑣 1=0

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𝑢 =0 , 𝑣 =−1
2 2

Find the image of the line segment which starts at the point 1 + i
and ends at the point 1 ‒ i, under the complex mapping:
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 
5 i z( t)  z( t)  10 t  4  2i t  4i
z( t )  z0 ( 1  t )  z1 t
 
z( t)  t z1  z0  z0
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Dr Esam Yosry
Find the image of the semicircle shown under the

complex mapping w = z2
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Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Quiz #3
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2.3 Linear Mapping
f(x) = a x + b is linear real function (a and b are real constants)
f(z) = a z + b is linear complex function (a and b are generally

complex numbers)
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• Linear mapping may change position, size, or the orientation of
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a figure in the complex plane.
There are three special cases of linear transformation:
• If the position only is changed, it is called translation.

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• If the orientation only is changed, it is called rotation.
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• If the size only is changed, it is called magnification.
• Any of the above changes (or even all of them) may happen in
a linear transformation
Linear mapping never change the shape of a figure in the
complex plane.
2.3 Linear Mapping
Translation Rotation Magnification
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T(z) = z + b R(z) = a z M(z) = a z
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b≠0 |a| = 1 a is a real number > 0
Every point in S translates in Every point in S rotates The position vector

the same direction with the with the same angle θ. (Modulus) r of every
same amount. θ =Arg(a) point magnifies with
same factor a.
T(z) = z+x0+iy0 =(x+x0)+ i(y+y0)

2.3 Linear Mapping
Find the image of the rectangle whose vertices are –1+i, 1+i,
1+2i, –1+2i under the linear mapping f(z) = 4i z + 2 + 3i
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
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2.3 Linear Mapping
Find the image of S′ of the square whose vertices are 1+i, 2+i,
2+2i, 1+2i under the linear mapping f(z) = z + 2 –i
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Dr Esam Yosry
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2.3 Linear Mapping
Find the image of the real axis y = 0 under the linear

mapping:
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2.3 Linear Mapping
Find the image of the circle C given by |z| = 2 under

the linear mapping f(z) = 3 z
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2.3 Linear Mapping
A general linear mapping f(z) = az + b is a
composition of a rotation, a magnification, and a
translation.
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1. Multiplying by a/|a| is a rotation
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2. Multiplying by |a| is a magnification
3. Adding b is a translation
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The order in which you perform the steps in a linear mapping is important
2.3 Linear Mapping
Find the image of the rectangle whose vertices are –1+i,

1+i, 1+2i, –1+2i under the linear mapping f(z) = 4i z + 2
+ 3i. Regard the linear mapping given as a composition of
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a rotation, a magnification, and a translation.
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Dr Esam Yosry
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Quiz #4
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2.4 Special power functions
• Complex power function is defined as f(z) = zn
• In this section we will study power functions with n is a
real number
• The power function, generally does not preserve the
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shape
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Power function f(z) = z2
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• The mapping w = z2 magnify
(contract) the point z by r and
rotate it by θ.
• Note that either the magnification
or rotation is not constant. Rather,
it depends on the value of z

Find the image of the circular arc defined by
|z| = 2, 0 ≤ arg(z) ≤ π/2 under the mapping
ω = f(z) = z2 .
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
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• Each point in C has r =2. Then, each point in C’ has r = 4. (C’ is an arc of a circle).
• Angles of z on C ranges from 0 to π/2. Then, angles of ω on C’ ranges from 0 to π.
• You can use parametric curve of C: z(t) = 2 eit where 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2

Find the image of the vertical line x = k under the mapping ω = z2

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For the line x = 0,
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We can find the image of the horizontal line y = k under the
mapping ω = z2 in a similar way:
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Find the image of the triangle with vertices 0, 1 + i, 1 - i under the
mapping ω = z2
Each of the three sides of S will be treated separately

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Dr Esam Yosry
For the vertical line segment , the
image is a parabolic segment
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Power function f(z) = zn , n >2
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Under the mapping ω = z3, all angles will be multiplied by 3

Find the image of the quarter disk defined by |z| < 2,

0 ≤ arg(z) ≤ π/2, under the mapping ω = z3
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Power function f(z) = z1/n
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We see that z1/n is not a function because for each z, there are many values of
ω. However, the principal value of z1/n can be considered a function
Principal square root function f(z) = z1/2

Taking k = 0 in the definition of z1/2 results in the principal square root function:
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Find the image of the set S defined by |z| < 3, , π/2 ≤ arg(z) ≤
3π/4, under the principal square root function.

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Principal nth root function f(z) = z1/n
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2.5 Reciprocal function
The Reciprocal function f(z) = 1/z
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• The reciprocal function domain is the
set of all nonzero complex numbers
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• The modulus of ω is the reciprocal of the modulus of z
• The argument of ω is the negative of the argument of z

The reciprocal function does

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two things:
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• Inversion in the unit circle:
ρ =1/r
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• Complex conjugation:
φ = –θ

Find the image of the semicircle |z| = 2, 0 ≤ arg(z) ≤ π,

under the reciprocal mapping w = 1/z.
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
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we can show that the reciprocal function maps the circle | z | = k, k ≠ 0, onto the
circle |w | = 1/ k.

Find the image of the vertical line x = 1 under
the reciprocal mapping w = 1/z.
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Dr Esam Yosry
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• Remember the equation of a circle centered at (x0 , y0) with radius r.
• Using the complex variable w = u + iv, we can describe this image by

Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Find the image of the semi-infinite horizontal strip

defined by 1 ≤ y ≤ 2, x ≥ 0, under w = 1/z.
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry
Survey #2
understand function of complex variable and mapping, power

Dr Esam Yosry
functions, limits and continuity, as well as to use them in solving
Dr Esam Yosry
engineering problems.
Dr Esam Yosry
Dr Esam Yosry

Lect02 - Complex Functions and Mapping

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‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬ KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

2.1 Complex functions:

• Complex function in polar coordinates

• Translation, rotation , and magnification

2.6 Limits and Continuity:

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture Dr Esam Yosry 2

1- real-valued function of a real variable, y = f (x)

The set of inputs is called the Domain of f or Dom (f)

The set of image values of f is called the Range of f or Range (f)

1. A function f can be defined without using the symbol z.

3. But in all cases, we can determine f (z) in terms of z and z

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 6

2. The real and imaginary parts in terms of x and y

3. The real and imaginary parts in terms of r and θ

u = f (r, θ ) and v = f (r, θ )

of complex numbers, their powers and roots, and represent

For each x, there is one y  (x, y)

For each z(x, y) there is one ω(u, v)  (x, y, u, v)

Instead, we use Mapping

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 12

 Express the function ω = f (z) in the form: u = f (x,y) and v = f

 Remove the other variable x (or y) to find a relation v = f(u)

Graph S Find u(x,y) and

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 15

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 16

y = f(x) For any point z on this line we have z = 1+iy

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 17

𝑢1=− 1 , 𝑣 1=−3 𝑣 =−𝑢 − 4

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 20

 For a line passing z0 and z1, the

z(t) - z0 = t (z1 - z0)

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 21

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 22

For a circle centered at z0 with radius r, the parametric equation is:

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 23

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 24

Find the image of the line segment form 1 to i under the

Find the image of the line segment form 1 to i under the

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 26

Find the image of the semicircle shown under the

f(z) = a z + b is linear complex function (a and b are generally

• Linear mapping may change position, size, or the orientation of

• If the position only is changed, it is called translation.

• If the orientation only is changed, it is called rotation.

Every point in S translates in Every point in S rotates The position vector

T(z) = z+x0+iy0 =(x+x0)+ i(y+y0)

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 31

See Example 4 page 73 in the textbook

Find the image of the real axis y = 0 under the linear

Find the image of the circle C given by |z| = 2 under

1. Multiplying by a/|a| is a rotation

Find the image of the rectangle whose vertices are –1+i,

a rotation, a magnification, and a translation.

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 39

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 40

See Example 2 page 83 in the textbook

Each of the three sides of S will be treated separately

Advanced Engineering Math (8023010) Lecture 2 Dr Esam Yosry 44

Find the image of the quarter disk defined by |z| < 2,

See Example 4 page 86 in the textbook

Principal square root function f(z) = z1/2

See Example 8 page 93 in the textbook