CS4057D EMBEDDED SYSTEM

Lecture 2 – August 2, 2021

 Agenda
• Course plan discussion (Recap)
• Definition of Embedded System
– Comparison with General Purpose Computer
– Applications of Embedded Systems
• Components of Embedded Systems
– Hardware Components
 Module 1 - August

• Definition of Embedded System, history and

development, Components, Microprocessors
& Microcontrollers, Embedded Systems Vs
General Computing Systems, various
applications of embedded systems – Washing
machine, Mobile phone, Automotive systems,
Artificial pace maker.
 September
• Software for Embedded System. Real Time
Operating System, GPOS Vs RTOS, Components
of a RTOS, Tasks, Task Scheduling, mutex and
priority inversion, Different RTOSs, QNX,
VxWorks,
• On board Computers for Embedded System
development, Raspberry Pi, Jetson Nano –
hardware components, Heterogeneous
systems for embedded system development
 October
Latest technologies used in Embedded System -
Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Robotics,
IoT, Heterogeneous Computing, Cloud connectivity &
Augmented Reality. Running Deep Learning models
on embedded systems
implementation of Computer Vision models like CNNs,
Object Detectors in applications like automation and
other industrial applications, Study of challenges faced
in the implementation of AI models in embedded
systems and the future scope.
 November
Embedded Software & Robotics, simple Robotics
applications using Raspberry pi. Embedded systems
for voice oriented applications, Intelligent Virtual
assistants, Alexification of everything, integration to
cloud services to build smart connected systems. Edge
computing.
Biomedical devices for Health care, Smart hospitals
using edge devices, Designing Point of Care(POC)
Devices for Healthcare, Developing a bio-device for
primary screening of Cancer diseases – case study
 Grading Policy
Evaluation Type Weightage – in percentage
  Quiz1 (before Test 1) 10
  Quiz2 (before Test 1) 10
  Quiz3 (before Test 1) 10
  Quiz4 (before T2) 10
  Quiz5 (before T2) 10
  Quiz6 (before T2) 10
  Project 20

  End Semester Exam 20 (Quiz7 and Quiz8 for 10+10

marks)
Introduction to Embedded System
 Embedded system-definition

Embedded System is any device that includes a

programmable computer but is not itself intended
to be a general purpose computer.
 Embedded system

An embedded system is one that has computer

hardware with software embedded in it as one of
its most important component.

They are electronic systems that contain a

microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we don’t
think of them as computers; the computer is
hidden or embedded in the system
 Embedded system

An embedded system is a system whose principal

function is not computational, but which is
controlled by a computer embedded in it. The
computer is likely to be a microprocessor or micro
controller.
Embedded System
Embedded System
General Purpose Computer -
Von Newman Architecture
Basic Elements of a Computer
 Fetch execute algorithm

PC = <machine start address>;

IR = memory[PC];
haltFlag = CLEAR;
while(haltFlag not SET)
{
execute(IR);
PC = PC + sizeof(INSTRUCT);
IR = memory[PC]; // fetch phase
}
Year Microarchitecture No of Pipe stages MHz nm

1978 8086 (8086, 8088) 2 5
3000
1982 186 (80186, 80188) 2 25

1982 286 (80286) 3 25
1500
1985 386 (80386) 3 33

1989 486 (80486) 5 100 1000

1993 P5 (Pentium) 5 200 800, 600, 350

1995 P6 (Pentium Pro, Pentium II) 14 (17 with load & store/retire) 450 500, 350, 250

1997 P5 (Pentium MMX) 6 233 350

1999 P6 (Pentium III) 12 (15 with load & store/retire) 1400 250, 180, 130

NetBurst (Pentium 4)
2000 2000 180
(Willamette)
20 unified with branch prediction
NetBurst (Pentium 4)
2002 3466 130
(Northwood, Gallatin)

Pentium M (Banias, Dothan)

2003 10 (12 with fetch/retire) 2333 130, 90, 65
Enhanced Pentium M (Yonah)

NetBurst (Pentium 4, Pentium D)
2004 31 unified with branch prediction 3800 90, 65
(Prescott)

2006 Intel Core 3000 65

12 (14 with fetch/retire)
2007 Penryn (die shrink) 3333 45
 20 unified (14 without miss
Nehalem 3600
prediction)
2008

Bonnell 16 (20 with prediction miss) 2100

20 unified (14 without miss

2010 Westmere (die shrink) 3866
prediction)

32
Saltwell (die shrink) 16 (20 with prediction miss) 2130
2011
Sandy Bridge 4000
14 (16 with fetch/retire)
2012 Ivy Bridge (die shrink) 4100

Silvermont 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2670 22

2013

Haswell 4400
14 (16 with fetch/retire)
2014 Broadwell (die shrink) 3700

Airmont (die shrink) 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire) 2640

2015

Skylake 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 5200

14

2016 Goldmont 20 unified with branch prediction 2600

? 20 unified with branch

2017 Goldmont Plus 2800
prediction ?

2018 Palm Cove 14 (16 with fetch/retire) 3200 10

2019 Sunny Cove 14–20 4100

10
Tremont 3300
2020
Willow Cove 5300 10

2021 Cypress Cove 5200 14

 Embedded System Vs General
Purpose Computer System
GPCS Embedded System
-Generic hardware + GPOS -Special purpose hardware + RTOS

-Application are alterable by -Firmware of the embedded system

the user
-Performance is the
selection factor; Faster is
-Highly tailored to take advantage of
better
-options for different levels
of power management
is pre-programmed and it is non-
alterable by end user
-Application specific requirements
are key deciding factor
power saving modes supported by
h/w
-mission critical most of the time

-response requirement are

not time critical
 Applications of ES
• Robotic science:
– Ground Vehicles
– Drones
– Underwater Vehicles
– Industrial Robots
• Medical
– Dialysis Machine,
– CT/MRI scanners
– Infusion Pumps
– Cardiac Monitor
– Artificial Pace Maker
• Automotive
– Engine Control
– Ignition System
– Brake System
• Networking
– Router
– Hubs
• Home Devices:
– TVs, DVD Video Player
– Cameras
• Automobiles
– Fuel Injection
– Lighting System, Door Locks
– Air Bags, Windows
– Parking Assistant System
– Anti-stealing Alarms Whippers Motion
• Industrial Control
– Robotics
– Missiles, Nuclear Reactors
– Space Stations
Keyboard Controller
HDC & Printer controller
Mars Rover
Robotic Dog
BMW Car
 Embedded Software
Functional architecture

Embedded C ASM file

Compiler Assembler

OBJ OBJ

LINKER/ LOCATER

Executable file

Target system
 Components of ES

- Special purpose Hardware

- Real Time Operating System
- Real time Applications
Hardware components of ES
- Processor
- Power supply
- Clock oscillators
- Real time clock and timers
- Watch dog timers
- Memories
- I O ports and buses
- Interrupt handlers
- DAC and ADC circuits
- LCD/LED Displays
- Keypad/keyboard
 Processors in ES

-Microprocessor
-Microcontrollers
-DSPs
-SoCs
-Multi processor system