Chapter 7

Operational-Amplifier
and its Applications

SJTU Zhou Lingling 1

 Outline

• Introduction
• The 741 Op-Amp Circuit
• The ideal Op Amp
• The inverting configuration
• The noninverting configuration
• Integrator and differentiator
• The antoniou Inductance-simulation Circuit
• The Op Amp-RC Resonator
• Bistable Circuit
• Application of the bistable circuit as a comparator

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 Introduction

• Analog ICs include operational amplifiers, analog

multipliers, A/D converters, D/A converters, PLL,
etc.
• A complete op amp is realized by combining
analog circuit building blocks.
• The bipolar op-amp has the general purpose
variety and is designed to fit a wide range of
specifications.
• The terminal characteristics is nearly ideal.

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 The 741 Op-Amp Circuit

• General description
• The input stage
• The intermediate stage
• The output stage
• The biasing circuits
• Device parameters

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 General Description

• 24 transistors, few resistors and only one

capacitor
• Two power supplies
• Short-circuit protection

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 The Input Stage

• The input stage consists of transistors Q1 through

Q7.
• Q1-Q4 is the differential version of CC and CB
configuration.
• High input resistance.
• Current source (Q5-Q7) is the active load of input
stage. It not only provides a high-resistance load
but also converts the signal from differential to
single-ended form with no loss in gain or common-
mode rejection.

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 The Intermediate Stage
• The intermediate stage is composed of Q16, Q17 and
Q13B.
• Common-collector configuration for Q16 gives this
stage a high input resistance as well as reduces the
load effect on the input stage.
• Common-emitter configuration for Q17 provides high
voltage gain because of the active load Q13B.
• Capacitor Cc introduces the miller compensation to
insure that the op amp has a very high unit-gain
frequency.

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 The Output Stage
• The output stage is the efficient circuit called class AB
output stage.
• Voltage source composed of Q18 and Q19 supplies the DC
voltage for Q14 and Q20 in order to reduce the cross-over
distortion.
• Q23 is the CC configuration to reduce the load effect on
intermediate stage.
• Short-circuit protection circuitry
 Forward protection is implemented by R6 and Q15.
 Reverse protection is implemented by R7, Q21, current
source(Q24, Q22) and intermediate stage.

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 The Output Stage

(a) The emitter follower is a class A output stage. (b) Class B output stage.

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The Output Stage

Wave of a class B output stage fed

with an input sinusoid.
Positive and negative cycles are
unable to connect perfectly due to the
turn-on voltage of the transistors.
This wave form has the nonlinear
distortion called crossover distortion.
To reduce the crossover distortion
can be implemented by supplying the
constant DC voltage at the base
terminals.

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The Output Stage

QN and QP provides the voltage

drop which equals to the summer
of turn-on voltages of QN and QP.
This circuit is call Class AB
output stage.

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 The Biasing Circuits

• Reference current is generated by Q12, Q11 and R5.

• Wilder current provides biasing current in the
order of μA.
• Double-collector transistor is similar to the two-
output current mirror. Q13B provides biasing
current for intermediate stage, Q13A for output
stage.
• Q5, Q6 and Q7 is composed of the current source to
be an active load for input stage.

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 Device Parameters

• For npn transistors:

I s  10 14 A,   200, VA  125V
• For pnp transistors:
I s  1014 A,   50, VA  50V
• Nonstandard devices:
14
I SA  0.25  10 A14 I SA  0. 75  10 A

Q14 and Q20 each has an area three times that of a standard
device.

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The Ideal Op Amplifier

symbol for the op amp

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 The Ideal Op Amplifier

The op amp shown connected to dc power supplies.

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 Characteristics of the Ideal Op
Amplifier
• Differential input resistance is infinite.
• Differential voltage gain is infinite.
• CMRR is infinite.
• Bandwidth is infinite.
• Output resistance is zero.
• Offset voltage and current is zero.
a) No difference voltage between inverting
and noninverting terminals.
b) No input currents.

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Equivalent Circuit of the Ideal Op
Amp

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The Inverting Configuration

The inverting closed-loop configuration.

Virtual ground.

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The Inverting Configuration

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The Inverting Configuration

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 The Inverting Configuration

• Shunt-shunt negative feedback

• Closed-loop gain depends entirely on passive
components and is independent of the op
amplifier.
• Engineer can make the closed-loop gain as
accurate as he wants as long as the passive
components are accurate.

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The Noninverting Configuration

The noninverting configuration.

Series-shunt negative feedback.
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The Noninverting Configuration

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 The Voltage follower

(a) The unity-gain buffer or follower amplifier.

(b) Its equivalent circuit model.

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The Weighted Summer

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 The Weighted Summer

Ra Rc Ra Rc Rc Rc
vo  v1 ( )( )  v2 ( )( )  v3 ( )  v4 ( )
R1 Rb R2 Rb R3 R4

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A Single Op-Amp Difference
Amplifier

Linear amplifier.
Theorem of linear
Superposition.

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A Single Op-Amp Difference
Amplifier

Application of superposition
Inverting configuration

R2
vo1   vI 1
R1

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A Single Op-Amp Difference
Amplifier

Application of superposition.
Noninverting configuration.

R2 R4
vo 2  (1  )( ）vI 2
R1 R4  R3

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 Integrators

The inverting configuration with general impedances in

the feedback and the feed-in paths.

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The Inverting Integrators

The Miller or inverting integrator.

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Frequency Response of the
integrator

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The op-amp Differentiator

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 The op-amp Differentiator

Frequency response of a differentiator with a time-constant CR.

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The Antoniou Inductance-Simulation
Circuit

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The Antoniou Inductance-Simulation
Circuit

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The Op amp-RC Resonator

An LCR second order resonator.

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 The Op amp-RC Resonator

An op amp–RC resonator obtained by replacing the inductor L in the LCR

resonator of a simulated inductance realized by the Antoniou circuit.
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The Op amp-RC Resonator

Implementation of the buffer amplifier K.

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 The Op amp-RC Resonator

• Pole frequency

0  1 LC6  1 C4C6 R1 R3 R5 R2

• Pole Q factor

C6 R2
Q  0C6 R6  R6
C4 R1 R3 R5

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 Bistable Circuit

• The output signal only has two states: positive

saturation(L+) and negative saturation(L-).
• The circuit can remain in either state indefinitely
and move to the other state only when
appropriate triggered.
• A positive feedback loop capable of bistable
operation.

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Bistable Circuit

The bistable circuit (positive

feedback loop)
The negative input terminal of the op
amp connected to an input signal vI.
R1
v  vo  vo 
R1  R2

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Bistable Circuit

The transfer characteristic of

the circuit in (a) for increasing vI.

Positive saturation L+ and

negative saturation L-

VTH  L 

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Bistable Circuit

The transfer characteristic

for decreasing vI.

VTL  L 

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Bistable Circuit

The complete transfer characteristics.

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A Bistable Circuit with Noninverting
Transfer Characteristics

R2 R1
v  v I  vo
R1  R2 R1  R2

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A Bistable Circuit with Noninverting
Transfer Characteristics

The transfer characteristic is

noninverting.

VTH   L（
 R1 R2）

VTL   L（
 R1 R2）

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 Application of Bistable Circuit as a
Comparator
• Comparator is an analog-circuit building block
used in a variety applications.
• To detect the level of an input signal relative to a
preset threshold value.
• To design A/D converter.
• Include single threshold value and two threshold
values.
• Hysteresis comparator can reject the interference.

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 Application of Bistable Circuit as a
Comparator

Block diagram representation and transfer characteristic for a

comparator having a reference, or threshold, voltage VR.
Comparator characteristic with hysteresis.

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Application of Bistable Circuit as a
Comparator

Illustrating the use of

hysteresis in the
comparator
characteristics as a
means of rejecting
interference.

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 Making the Output Level More
Precise

For this circuit L+ = VZ1 + VD and L– = –(VZ2 + VD), where VD is the forward
diode drop.

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 Making the Output Level More
Precise

For this circuit L+ = VZ + VD + VD and L– = –(VZ + VD + VD ).

1 2 3 4

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 Generation of Square Waveforms

Connecting a bistable multivibrator with inverting transfer characteristics in a

feedback loop with an RC circuit results in a square-wave generator.
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 Generation of Square Waveforms

The circuit obtained when the bistable multivibrator is

implemented with the positive feedback loop circuit.
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 Waveforms at various nodes of
the circuit in (b).
This circuit is called an astable
multivibrator.
Time period T = T1+T2
1  （ L L )
T1  RC ln
1 
1   （ L L )
T2  RC ln
1 

1 
T  2RC ln
1 

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Generation of Triangle Waveforms

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Generation of Triangle Waveforms

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