Controversies and

Conflicting views in
Philippine History
Cavite Mutiny
LIBERAL LEADERSHIP OF GOV. GEN.
CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE
• Queen Isabel II – was removed from her
position in 1868 due to a revolution.
Carlos Ma. De la Torre – a liberal Spaniard
– Brought liberal thoughts in the
Philippines to be able to protect
themselves from the abuses of the
Spaniards
– Showed love to the Filipinos
– Allowed freedom of speech
– Opened Malacañang to the people on
July 12, 1869
– Was replaced by Rafael de Izquierdo – an
autocratic ruler
THE TYRANNICAL REGIME OF
RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO
•Re-imposed censorship
•Banned all talks of reform and liberty
•Stop the Filipinization of the Parishes in the
country
•Revoked the exemptions of Filipinos on force
labor and tributes
THE SECULARIZATION ISSUE
• Regular Priest • Secular Priest
– Spanish priests belonging in – Filipino
religious orders such as:
priests
• Augustinians
• Jesuits
– Provincial –
• Recollects
refers to the
head of the
• Dominicans
Secular
• Franciscans
priests
– Archbishop and bishop –
headed the regular priests
• Council of Trent (1545-1563) – states that a
secular priest can be a Friar Curate
• Pope Pius V – allowed the secular priests in
1567 serve in the parishes due to lack of regular
priests
• Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa – started making
the secular priests a part of the regular priests
and giving them a parish to lead.
COUNCIL OF TRENT POPE PIUS V

GOM-BUR-ZA
• Religious Orders – opposed to the plan for they
believed that Filipinos were not worthy to
become Friar Curate
• Msgr. Pedro Pelaez – Ecclesiastical Governor
of the Church who believed that Filipino priests
should be given a chance to serve.
• Governor-General Simon de Anda – sided with
the Filipinos
• Father Jose Burgos – continued the fight upon
the death of Msgr. Pelaez.
THE CAVITE MUTINY: how did it start?
(Spaniard’s version)
• It was a big conspiracy among educated
leaders, mestizos, native lawyers and native
clergy (not only the laborers of Cavite Arsenal)
• A plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish
officers to be followed by the massacre of the
Spanish friars.
THE CAVITE MUTINY: how did it start?
(Spaniard’s version)
• Cavite Revolt 1872
• Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo
• One of the worst governor generals in the
Philippines
• Abolished the privileges enjoyed by the
people in Cavite and ordered them to render
forced labor that led to the mutiny.
 THE CAVITE MUTINY
• The authorities received a communication that
great uprising would breakout against the
Spaniards.
• The plan was to assassinate the Gov-Gen, the
officers, the masters and the escort of the
captain-general.
• January 20, 1872- fiesta of the patron saint
Virgin of Loreto. Fireworks mistook as signal.
• Pointed out as instigators, GomBurZa was
arrested and other lawyers.
THE EXECUTION OF GOM-BUR-
ZA
• Izquirdo reported to the King of Spain that the
“rebels” wanted to overthrow the Spanish
Government to install a new “Hari” in the likes of
father Burgos and Zamora.

•The General even added that that the native

clergy enticed other participants by giving them
charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail
because God is with them.
THE EXECUTION OF GOM-BUR-
ZA
•ALL were graduates of UST.
•Fr. Jose Burgos – head of the movement; Letran
Professor; curate of the Manila Cathedral; half-
blood Spaniards
•Fr. Mariano Gomez – founder of La Verdad;
curate of Bacoor, Cavite; pure-blooded Tagalog
•Fr. Jacinto Zamora – curate of Pasig, Rizal; born
in Pandacan; half-blooded Chinese; lost his mind
before the execution
THE CAVITE MUTINY: how did it start?
(Filipino’s version)

• Written by Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Mutiny by the Filipino soldiers and laborers of
the Cavite Arsenal
• Turned out to be dissatisfied with the
eradication of their privileges.
• Tavera blamed Izquierdo’s harsh policy
• (crucifix in one hand and sword in the other)
THE CAVITE MUTINY: how did it start?
(Filipino’s version)

• It was a response to injustice.

• Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict
policies that made the Filipinos move and turn
away from Spanish government out of disgust.
• Father Mariano Gomez – more than 70 years old
– Friar Curate of Bacoor
– Had Chinese blood
• Father Jose Burgos – 35 years
– Friar Curate of Manila Cathedral
– Insulares
• Padre Jacinto Zamora – 73 years
– Friar Curate of Marikina
– Insulares
– Unfriendly towards the Spaniards
– Offended Brigadier Oran – a governor in Manila
which Padre Zamora did not gave honors when he
visited Marikina.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THEIR DEATH
•NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS EMERGED
•GOMBURZA became the battle cry of the
propaganda movement
•The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on
the part of Spanish Government, for the action
severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos, and event
inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and
eventually independence.
•The 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a
momentous 1898.
Cry of Balintawak or Pugad-lawin
It is surprising that there are different
versions on the dates for first cry of the
revolution as well as its venue.
 Pio Valenzuela’s Controversial
“Cry of Pugad Lawin (August 23, 1896)

 Valenzuela happened to be the eye witness himself

of the event.
 In his first version, the Cry was in Balintawak on
August 26, 1896. He held this account when the
happenings or events are still vivid in his memory.
 Later in his life with a fading memory, he wrote in his
memoirs of the Revolution claimed that the Cry took
place at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
 Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay
“Cry of Balintawak” (August 26, 1896)
• Eyewitness himself of the event and a childhood
friend of Bonifacio.
• According to him, the first rally of the Philippine
Revolution happened on August 26 at Balintawak.
Correspondingly, the date and the site were accepted
by the preliminary years of American gov’t.
 Katipunan General Guillermo Masangkay
“Cry of Balintawak” (August 26, 1896)
• Balintawak (First Skirmish)
• August 24, 1896- they arrived at the yard of Melchora Aquino
(Tandang Sora)
• At 10:00am, August 25, 1896- Bonifacio was notified that the
civil guards and some infantry were coming
• Because of their inferior weapons, the rebels decided to retreat.
• August 26, Spanish reinforcement were dispactched to Pasong
Tamo to drive away the rebels, but they couldn’t find them.
• Because of frustration, two innocent farmers were shot on their
way home.
 “
The first Filipino national government was established on 24
August 1896. Filipinos should observe the date of National
Day, if the 1896 Philippine revolution and the Katipunan are to
have any worth at all, and Filipinos should recognize Andres
Bonifacio not only as the founder of the Katipunan and the
leader of the revolution of 1896, but as the first Filipino
president of the first Filipino government; the father of the
nation and the founder of democracy.
Gregoria de Jesus’ version of
“The First Cry” (august 25, 1896)
• “Lakambini ng Katipunan”
• Participated the said event and the keeper of the
secret documents of the Katipunan.
• In her account, the first “Cry” happened in Caloocan
on August 25, 1896.