Motion - I: in Describing The We Describe Them According To: Kinematics of Motion

Motion - I
In describing the motion of a body

we describe them according to:
Kinematics of Motion
1. Time
2. Distance and Displacement
3. Speed and Velocity
4. Acceleration (Change in velocity)
P.1
Book 2 Section 1.3 Speed and velocity
1.4 Change in velocity and
acceleration
Which vehicle can come up first?
Introduction
Acceleration
Acceleration for motion in one direction
Acceleration for motion with a change in
direction
Check-point 6
P.2
Book 2 Section 1.4 Change in velocity and acceleration
Which vehicle can come up first?
Motorcycle
? Taxi?
Which vehicle can come first when they

start from rest? Most probably the motorcycle
What factors can affect the result?
Acceleration, reaction time of driver,
etc. P.3
Introduction
Uniform motion—moving at a constant

speed in a fixed direction
‘Change in velocity’ means:
1 change in magnitude
2 change in direction
3 change in both quantities
P.4
Introduction
Change in magnitude
When on object
moves faster or
slower, it accelerates.
Change in direction
When on object
changes its direction,
it also accelerates.
P.5
1 Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

– a measure of how fast an object changes
its velocity
Acceleration is the change in velocity per

unit time.
– SI unit: metre per second squared (m s–2)

– vector
P.6
1 Acceleration
Average acceleration—average change in
velocity per unit time
total change in velocity
Average acceleration = total time of travel
In straight-line motions / rectilinear,

v : final velocity
v u
a  u : initial velocity
t
t : total time of travel
P.7
1 Acceleration
Example 8 Average acceleration of a runner
P.8
1 Acceleration
In everyday language:
Acceleration means speeding up.
In
physics:
Acceleration means speeding up, slowing
down or/and changing direction.
Sometimes, we describe how fast an object
slows down as deceleration.
P.12
2 Acceleration for motion in one
direction
a Magnitude of acceleration
Compare the motions of two cars with

different magnitudes of acceleration:
P.13
2 Acceleration for motion in one
direction
Compare the motions of two cars with

different magnitudes of acceleration:
1 A taxi accelerates at 2 m s–2.

2 A sports car accelerates at 5 m s–2.
P.14
If a taxi accelerates at 2 m s–2,

t=0 v=0
t=1s v = 2 m s–1
t=2s v = 4 m s–1
t=3s v = 6 m s–1
t=4s v = 8 m s–1
t=5s
v = 10 m s–1
P.15
If a sports car accelerates at 5 m s–2,

t=0 v=0
t=1s v = 5 m s–1
t=2s v = 10 m s–1
t=3s
v = 15 m s–1
P.16
From the above example, we can see that:
1 The speeds of the taxi and the sports car

increase by 2 m s–1 and 5 m s–1 each second
respectively.
2 For both cars, the distance covered in
each second increases with time.
P.17
We can see that…
3 The car with a higher acceleration (change in velocity)
- takes less time to reach a certain speed

- travels a longer distance after the same
time lapse
P.18
Here are some typical magnitudes of

acceleration: Average acceleration
P.19
Example 9 BMW K 1200 S
P.20
b Direction of acceleration
Use positive (+) and negative (–) signs to

represent the two opposite directions of
acceleration of motion along a straight line.
The sign only shows the direction of
acceleration vector.
Sign Cannot deduce if an object
is speeding up or slowing down
solely from this vector
Deduce – conclude by reasoning
P.23
Speeding up:
Case 1: forward as +ve Case 2: backward as +ve
Velocity (+) Acceleration (+) Velocity (–) Acceleration (–)
P.24
Slowing down:
Case 1: forward as +ve Case 2: backward as +ve
Velocity (+) Acceleration (–) Velocity (–) Acceleration (+)
P.25
From the above example, we can see that:
When acceleration and velocity are of the

same sign,
the object is speeding up.
When acceleration and velocity are of

different signs,
the object is slowing down.
P.26
Example 10 Stopping a football
P.27
3 Acceleration for motion with a change
in direction
If a car accelerates opposite to its velocity,
it will eventually change its direction. Refer
on textbook pp. 29.
(i) Move forwards (slowing down)
(ii) Momentarily
at rest
(v = 0)
(iii) Move backwards (speeding up)
P.29
Check-point 6 – Q1
A car speeds up along a straight line from

10 m s–1 to 19 m s–1 in 3 s. Find the
average acceleration of the car.
v−u
Average acceleration =
t
19 − 10
=
3
= 3 m s–2
P.30
A ball is thrown upwards.

Initial speed = 15 m s–1
Average acceleration = 10 m s–2
(downwards)
What are its velocities after
1 s and 2 s?
P.31
Taking the upward direction as positive.

15 m s–1
Initial velocity = ________
Average acceleration = –10 m s–2
________
5 m s–1
At t = 1 s, v = ________
–5 m s–1
At t = 2 s, v = ________
P.32
Complete the following table.
10 m s−1
Slowing down
P.33
Complete the following table.
Slowing down
Speeding up
–10 m s−1
P.34
The End
P.35

Motion - I: in Describing The We Describe Them According To: Kinematics of Motion

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Motion - I

In describing the motion of a body

Which vehicle can come first when they

Uniform motion—moving at a constant

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

Acceleration is the change in velocity per

– SI unit: metre per second squared (m s–2)

In straight-line motions / rectilinear,

Example 8 Average acceleration of a runner

Compare the motions of two cars with

Compare the motions of two cars with

1 A taxi accelerates at 2 m s–2.

If a taxi accelerates at 2 m s–2,

If a sports car accelerates at 5 m s–2,

From the above example, we can see that:

1 The speeds of the taxi and the sports car

We can see that…

3 The car with a higher acceleration (change in velocity)

- takes less time to reach a certain speed

Here are some typical magnitudes of

Example 9 BMW K 1200 S

Use positive (+) and negative (–) signs to

Velocity (+) Acceleration (+) Velocity (–) Acceleration (–)

Velocity (+) Acceleration (–) Velocity (–) Acceleration (+)

From the above example, we can see that:

When acceleration and velocity are of the

When acceleration and velocity are of

Example 10 Stopping a football

A car speeds up along a straight line from

A ball is thrown upwards.

Taking the upward direction as positive.

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