SPM 2017

An apparatus set-up to observe the magnetic field lines produced when the current
flows through a nichrome conductor.
Which magnetic field pattern is
correct when nichrome is replaced
with copper?
SPM 2017

39. Diagram shows a coil wire in a magnetic field.

The rate of rotation of the coil increases when

the

A Current is increased
B Vertical length of coil is increased
C Distance between magnets is increased
D Thickness of both magnet is increased
SPM 2017
Electromagnetic
induction
电磁感应
 8.3 Analysing Electromagnetic Induction

An electric current can create a magnetic field. But, can a magnetic

field produces an electrical current?

This reverse effect of producing electricity from magnetism is

electromagnetic induction
called ________________________________.
 electromagnet
electrical energy energy stored in electromagnet
electromagnetic induction

electromagnet Electromagnetic induction

 What is
Electromagnetic induction ?
电磁感应

process
It is the ___________ of
generating electricity
_________________________ from

motion
__________.
 Electromagnetic induction is the process of generating
electricity from motion.
A simple wire or a coil of wire and a magnet moving relative
to each other are needed to generate electricity.
By connecting the wire to a sensitive meter, you would be able
to see a deflection on the meter that means a _________is
currentthrough it.
flowing
 Direct current Alternating current
直流電 交流電
1.When a moving wire or electrical conductor cuts across
magnetic lines of force, electric current is produced.

2. Electric current produced in this way is called induced

current.

3. Dynamo in power station is using this principle to

produce alternating current 交流電。
What is meant by induced current ?

A current in a coil induced by a

changing magnetic field.
What is the meaning of induced current ?
The current produced by a changing magnetic field.
 Electromagnetic
Induction Induced e.m.f. and induced
current in a Straight line
由电磁石产生的感应
• When a wire moves and cuts the magnetic
field lines (or magnetic flux), an e.m.f. is
induced across the wire.
•Electromagnetic induction is the setting up
of an electromotive force in a conductor due
to a change in magnetic flux caused by the
relative motion of the conductor and a
magnetic field.
If the wire is moved parallel to the direction
•If the wire is in a complete circuit, the
of the magnetic field then there will not be
induced e.m.f. will cause an induced current
any induced current produced.
to flow.
The process of generating electricity from motion is called
electromagnetic induction
_________________________

State the physical quantity that is represented by the

deflection of the galvanometer?
electric current
_______________________
 What is meant by electromagnetic induction ?

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an

induced e.m.f. in a conductor by a changing
magnetic field.
 What is meant by electromagnetic induction ?

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an

induced e.m.f. in a conductor by a
________________
changing magnetic field.
___________________________
SPM 2009
 Current
flow

If you push a wire through a magnetic field (fig 1) , the electrons in the
wire also move downward. The magnetic field then exerts a force on the
moving electrons, causing them to move along the wire (fig.2). But, how do
you determine the direction of the flow of the induced current?
 current

Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electrical potential

difference across a conductor situated in a changing magnetic flux.
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule
SPM 2013
SPM 2017

40. Diagram shows an apparatus set-up of electromagnetic induction.

Which of the following combinations is correct?

Direction of motion of wire PQ Direction of current

A To the right  PQ
B Downwards ⬇ Q P
C To the left  PQ
D Upwards ⬆ QP
 S

Can you predict the direction of the current flow?

• clockwise or counterclockwise
 Faraday’s Law

Faraday’s law states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is

directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux or the
rate of cutting of the magnetic flux.
Exsperiment: To study the factors affecting the
magnitude of the induced current
Induced e.m.f. and
induced current in
a solenoid
A current is induced when a magnet is moved
toward a coil.
Diagram 24 shows an experiment Q.41 SPM 2008
to induce current in a magnetic
field.

Which movement of the copper

rod induces 感应 the
maximum current?

Direction Velocity
A Downward Low
B Horizontal Low
C Downward High
D Horizontal High
 Q.37 SPM 2006
Diagram shows the arrangement of a
solenoid and a magnet.
Which of the following statements is not
a method to produce induced e.m.f. in
the solenoid?

A The magnet is pulled out of the solenoid

B The solenoid is moved towards the magnet
C The magnet is moved into the solenoid
D The magnet and the solenoid are moved at the same velocity
Faraday’s Law
 Define Faraday’s Law
Faraday’s law states that
______________________________________________is directly proportional to

________________________________________________
or
the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
_____________________________________________.

the rate of change of magnetic flux

the rate of cutting of the magnetic flux
Faraday’s Law

The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is

directly proportional to the rate of change
of magnetic flux.
Explain how a dynamo works to light up the headlamp of
a bicycle dynamo. (4 marks)

1. The wheel turns the knob.

2. A shaft connects the magnet to the driving wheel.
3. The magnets rotates in the soft iron core.
4. The magnetic field is cut and an induced current is
produced. So the headlight is lighted up.
 An electric guitar
The pickup
The pickup in an electric guitar is simply a small permanent
magnet with a coil wrapped around it. This magnet produces a
field that is strong enough to magnetized the metal guitar string,
which is the moving part in the system. When the string is plucked,
the oscillating string the magnetic flux in the coil, inducing an
electromotive force (e.m.f) that can be amplified.
Loud speaker
Lenz’s Law
Direction of Direction of
Current flow needle of
galvanometer
pointing

right
To the right

no movement
No current
flow

To the left left

Lenz’s Law states
N N

that the direction of

the induced current
is such that the
change producing it
will be opposed. N
Name the physic principle involved in determining the
poles of the magnetic field.

Lenz’s Law

Define the principle:

The direction of the induced current is such

that it opposes the change producing it.

State the physical quantity represented by

the deflection of galvanometer.
current
Lenz’s Law is an example of the Principle of Conservation
of Energy

When the magnet or solenoid is moved against the opposing

force, work is done.
Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy.
 Lenz’s law
is used to determine the polarity of the ends of the solenoid.
1) When the north pole of a bar magnet is pushed into a coil, the direction of the induced
current establishes another ‘north pole’ at the end of the coil because the current
‘opposes’ the approaching north pole.
2) When the magnet is removed, the direction of the induced current is reversed,
changing the end of the coil to a south pole.
3) Lenz’s Law: An induced current always flows in a direction that opposes the change
that caused it.
 Lenz’s Law:
The direction of the induced
current is such that it
opposes the change
producing it.
 Q.40 SPM 2005

Which diagram shows the correct direction of the induced current

when the magnet is moved in the direction shown?
 Q.36 SPM 2004
The diagram shows a coil of wire placed next to a magnet. The galvanometer pointer
deflects when the magnet is pushed into the coil.

Which action will increase the deflection of the galvanometer pointer?

A The magnetic pole is reversed
B The number of coils is increased
C The coil is made from insulated wire
D The magnet is pushed slowly into the coil
 N S
Repulsive force

Attractive force

Lenz’s Law
Induced current

Increase the speed of conductor, use a

stronger magnet, increase the number
of turns in the solenoid.
Dynamo
Diagram shows a simple bicycle dynamo.
When the wheel grip is rotated, an induced current flows out from the output
terminals.

Explain the working principle of the

bicycle dynamo.

1. The magnet is rotated around the coil.

2. There is a change in the magnetic flux.
3. An induced current is produced in the coil to generate an a.c. current.
4. According to Faraday’s law, the induced e.m.f. increases when the magnet is rotated
faster because the rate of cutting of magnetic flux increases.
left right left right
KEY FACT: A d.c. dynamo uses a split-ring
commutator, whereas an a.c. generators
uses slip rings.
A Dc dynamo A Ac dynamo

Split ring Slip rings

commutator

Varying direct Varying alternate

current current
Commutator 换向器
A simple d.c. dynamo
This is built in just the same way as a d.c. motor – it has a commutator so that
the current in the brush contacts always flow the same way.
Connect a d.c. motor to a lamp and spin the motor rapidly. What happens?
The simply a.c. generator
A generator can be built rather like a motor, with a rotating coil and
a fixed magnet. As the coil rotates, it cuts lines of force and a
current is induced.
Can you find three ways in which this generator could be improved
to increase the current?
Uses of electromagnetic induction
e.m.f. Generating direct current

Angle of
rotation
Generating an alternate current

e.m.f.

Angle of
rotation
 Comparison between
a D.C. generator and an A.C. generator

D.C. generator A.C. generator

Ends of the coil connected Ends of the coil connected
to a split ring commutator. to two slip rings

Output is direct current Output is alternate current

 A dc motor
A dc dynamo
e.m.f. production by direct current generator

Vertical position (0O)

Horizontal position ( 90O)

Horizontal position (270O)

Vertical position (180O)
e.m.f.

Angle of
rotation

Varying direct current produced by a dc generator.

Alternating current generator (ac dynamo)
 e.m.f.

Angle of rotation

Induced e.m.f. produced by a ac dynamo compared with

respective position of rotation.
Q.43 SPM 2006

A straight conductor is moved perpendicularly to the magnetic

field. Which of the following diagrams shows the correct
direction of the induced current in the conductor?
Direct and alternate current
 直流電
A direct current is a current
that flows in one direction
only in a circuit.
 交流電

An alternating current is a current which

flows to and fro in two opposite directions in
a circuit. It changes its direction periodically.
 Root mean square Peak value
current 方均根
Effective
peak
value
r.m.s.

peak
current r.m.s.

Root mean square (r.m.s.) or effective value of an

alternating current is the value of steady current which
would dissipate the same power in a resistor.
 Root mean
Peak value
square current
Effective
peak
value
r.m.s.

peak
current r.m.s.

Root mean square (r.m.s.) of an alternating current and voltage are actually
equal to the steady, direct current and voltage which transfer the same
amount of energy in the bulb.
The graph shows an example of alternating
current with a value peak voltage of 156 V.
What is its root mean square voltage ?

V r.m.s. = V peak ÷ √2 = 156 V ÷ √2 = 110 V

The graph shows how a alternate current changes with time.
Calculate
(a) I peak,
(b) The root mean square 方均根 current and
(c) frequency of the current generated
Find:
i) V peak ii) V peak to peak iii. V r.m.s. iv. frequency

V peak = 340 V Vpp = 340 x 2 V r.m.s.= Vpeak/√2 f = 1/T

= 680 V =_____ V = 1/0.02 Hz

 Q.37 SPM 2005

The graph shows the

output current for an
alternating current
generator.

Which statement is correct about the output current?

A The value of the peak current is 4.0 A.
B The value of root mean square current is 1.0 A
C the period of the current generated is 0.4 s
D The frequency of the current generated is 20 Hz
Graph shows how the alternating current in a 5 Ω resistor varies
with time.

What is the rate of heat dissipated by the resistor?

P = I2R I=6/√2
= (4.2)2 5 =4.2
= 88.2 W
 Physics &
global issue

This electric car is being recharged by a 220-V line – but there is no

physical contact between the recharge cable and the car’s wires.
Instead, mutual inductance is used: The alternating current in the
recharging cable creates a time-varying magnetic field, which induces a
current in the car’s circuitry. This induced current recharges the car’s
batteries.
If electric cars are used throughout the world, then our world will
become less polluted.
SPM 2016
SPM 2018
Exercise
1. When a bar magnet oscillates into the coil, the magnetic field passing through the coil is
changed/ cut.
2. From Faraday’s law, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
3. When the bar magnet oscillates out of the coil, the magnetic field passing through the coil is
changed in the opposite direction.
4. An e.m.f. is induced in the opposite direction.
The bar magnet loses energy. Its kinetic energy is converted to electrical
energy in the coil. The amplitude becomes smaller as the energy of
oscillating bar magnet decreases.
Electromagnetic induction

The strength of the magnet

The frequency of oscillation oscillation 越快 magnitude 越大
The thickness of wire (any two)
 clockwsie

Strong to
weak

N to S

1. Pattern of field 2. Direction of field 3. Direction of force ( 3 marks)

 The strength of the magnetic field
The magnitude of the current
The e.m.f. (voltage) of the battery (any two)

Current 大 force 大 magnitude 大