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Facts Seriesandshuntcompensation
Facts Seriesandshuntcompensation
Facts Seriesandshuntcompensation
and
Shunt
Compensation
Series Compensation
Series compensation is basically a powerful tool
to improve the performance of EHV lines. It
consists of capacitors connected in series with
the line at suitable locations.
Advantages of Series Compensation
1. Increase in transmission capacity
– The power transfer capacity of a line is given by
E.V
P sin
X
L jL
ZC xxL
C j C
Suppose Cse is the series capacitance per unit length for series compensation. Therefore
total series reactance will be
j j j L
jL' jL jL .
Cse Cse jL
1 X
jL1 2 jL1 cse jL1 se
LCse XL
where γse is known as degree of series compensation. Therefore, virtual surge impedance
jL(1 se )
Z C' Z C (1 se )
jC
Degree of shunt compensation
We know that the surge impedance
L jL
ZC xL xL
C jC
Suppose shunt inductance Lsh per unit length is used for shunt compensation. Therefore the
net shunt susceptance will be
1 j C
j C ' j C j C .
jLsh Lsh C
1 X
jC 1 2 jC 1 c jC 1 sh
CLsh X Lsh
where γsh is known as degree of shunt compensation. Therefore, virtual surge impedance
jL ZC
Z
'
C
jC (1 sh ) (1 sh )
• Considering both series and shunt compensation
simultaneously:
j L ' 1 se
Z C' Zc
j C ' 1 sh
1 sh
P Pc
C
'
1 se
• It is clear that a fixed degree of series compensation and
capacitive shunt compensation decreases the virtual surge
impedance of line.
• However, inductive shunt compensation increases the virtual
surge impedance and decreases the virtual surge impedance
loading of line. If inductive shunt comp. is 100%, the virtual
surge impedance becomes infinite and loading zero.
• Suppose, we want flat voltage profile corresponding to 1.2 PC
without series compensation, the shunt capacitance
compensation required will be:
PC' Pc / 1 se
1.2 PC PC / 1 se
se 0.306 pu
• Now, assuming shunt compensation to be zero, the series
compensation required corresponding to 1.2 PC :
PC' Pc 1 sh
1.2 PC PC 1 sh
sh 0.44 pu
Vm 2 1
I LF ( ) 1 sin 2
L
• The admittance as a function of angle α, can
be written directly from the current equation.
1 2 1
BL ( ) 1 sin 2
L
• Evidently, the admittance BL(α) varies with α
in the same manner as the fundamental current
ILF(α).
• If the switching is restricted to a fixed delay
angle, usually =0, then it becomes thyristor-
switched reactor (TSR). The TSR provides
fixed inductive admittance.
• As the SCR’s are fired then the distortion in the
sine-wave is observed with the production of odd-
harmonics.
• Arranging the TCR and coupling X’mer secondary
in delta cancels the third harmonics and its multiple.
But 5th, 7th, … harmonics are still present.
• Small reactors are usually included in the fixed
capacitor branches, which tunes with these branches
as filters for 5th and 7th harmonics.
Operating V-I area of the TCR (a) and of the TSR (b).
Thyristor Switched Capacitors (TSC)
• In this scheme TSC’s are used with
TCR’s.
• The TCR’s and capacitance changed
in discrete steps. The susceptance is
adjusted by controlling the no. of
parallel capacitors.
• The capacitors serve as filters for
harmonics when only the reactor is
switched.
• Advantage: Dynamic stability is
better
• Disadvantages: more no. of SCRs,
more cost
Basic TSC (a) and associated waveforms (b)
• Normally a relatively small surge current limiting reactor is
used in series with the TSC branch. This is needed
primarily to limit the surge current in the thyristor valve
under abnormal condition (switching at wrong time).
• Transient free switching:
‘switching in’
• Case 1: vC <= V
– at vC =v or vsw = 0 (dv/dt should be 0) and
• Case 2: vC > V
– α = 0 and vsw = min.
‘switching out’ at i = 0.
Transient free switching
Transient free switching of TSC with
different residual voltages
Operating V-I area of single TSC
TCR-FC
• The TCR-FC system provides continuously
controllable lagging to leading VArs through thyristor
control of reactor current.
• Leading VArs are supplied by two or more fixed
capacitor banks. The TCR is generally rated larger
than the total of fixed capacitance so that net lagging
VArs can also be supplied.
• The variation of current through the reactor is
obtained by phase angle control of back to back pair
of thyristors connected in series with the reactor.
Basic TCR-FC and
its VAr demand vs VAr output characteristics
Operating V-I area of TCR-FC
TSC-TCR
Basic TSC-TCR type static var generator and its VAr demand vs VAr output
characteristic.
Operating V-I area of the TSC-TCR type VAr generator with two thyristor-switched
capacitor banks
Mechanically Switched Capacitors (MSC)
• In this scheme MSC’s are also
used with TCR’s.
• Uses conventional mechanical
or SF6 switches instead of
thyristors to switch the
capacitors.
• More economical when there
are a large no. of capacitors to
be switched than using TSCs.
• This method is suitable for
• The speed of switching is
steady load conditions, where
however longer and this may
the reactive power
affect transient stability.
requirements are predictable
Saturated Reactors (SR) Scheme
• In some schemes for compensation saturated
reactors are used.
• Three-phase saturated reactor having a short
circuited delta winding which eliminates third
harmonic currents from the primary.
• Fixed capacitors are provided as usual.
• A slope-correction capacitor is usually connected
in series with the saturated reactor to alter the B-
H characteristics and hence the reactance.
• A three-phase saturated reactor having a short
circuited delta winding which eliminates third
harmonic currents from the primary winding.
• The SR compensator is maintenance free, it has
no control flexibility and it may require costly
damping circuits to avoid any possibility of sub
harmonic instability.
• Has the overload capability which is useful in
limiting overvoltage.
Static Condenser (STATCON)
or Static Compensator (STATCOM)
STATCON is a GTO (Gate Turn off) based compensation system.
• That is, if the amplitude of the output voltage is increased above that of
the ac system voltage, then the current flows through the tie reactance
from the converter to the ac system, and the converter generates reactive
(capacitive) power for the ac system.
• If the amplitude of the output voltage is decreased below that of the ac
system, then the reactive current flows from the ac system to the
converter, and the converter absorbs reactive (inductive) power. If the
amplitude of the output voltage is equal to that of the ac system voltage,
the reactive power exchange is zero.
• Hence, also known as Static Synchronous Generator (SSG).
• The main difference between the SVC and STATCON is that in case
of SVC the current injected into the system depends upon the system
voltage, but in case of STATCON it is independent of system voltage.
• STATCON generate or absorb reactive power without the use of
capacitor or reactors.
• The STATCON current I is made perpendicular to the system voltage
V. The STATCON coordinators adjust the phase of I so that it leads or
lags wrt to V.
Advantages:
• The steady state load ability of the line is improved.
• The voltage rises due to capacitor switching is substantially reduced
both in magnitude and duration.
• Voltage variation due to customer’s loading is reduced.