Feeding Relationships: 1 of 38 © Boardworks LTD 2008

Feeding relationships
1 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008

L1 Food Chains and Food Webs
All will: Define the important terms

Most will: Draw food chains and webs
Some will: Identify the impacts of
changes

Feeding types
Different types of organism can be grouped in several
ways. One grouping system is based on how organisms
obtain their food.
Some organisms produce their own food.

They are called producers.
Plants produce their own food using light

energy from the Sun. Some types of
bacteria can also make their own food by
using light or chemical reactions.
Other organisms cannot make their own

food. They are called consumers.

Producer or consumer?



Consumers
Consumers can be grouped into different types:
Herbivores
These consumers eat producers. Herbivores
include some plants and types of bacteria.
Carnivores
These consumers eat
other consumers.
Omnivores
These consumers eat other consumers
and producers. Omnivores eat animals
and plants. Most humans are omnivores.

Feeding types

Feeding types

Feeding types

Food chains – who eats what?
Can you see a food chain in this habitat?

Food chains
A food chain is a sequence that shows how each individual
feeds on the organism below it in the chain. Each arrow
means ‘eaten by’.
leaf caterpillar bird fox

What does this food chain show?
A leaf is eaten by a caterpillar, which is then eaten by a

bird, which is then eaten by a fox.
Energy is transferred from one organism to another in the
direction of the arrow.

Food chains – draw your own
Draw your own food chains based on the following
guidelines:
 A food chain from a forest habitat.

 A food chain from an ocean habitat.
 A food chain with four organisms in it.
 A food chain that ends with you!
Use arrows ( ) to show

the transfer of energy between the
organisms that you choose.

An Antarctic food chain









Producer, herbivore or carnivore?
Food chains always start with a producer.
If the producer is a plant, only a small part of it might be

involved in the food chain, such as its seeds, fruits,
leaves or even dead leaves.
From a food chain, we can tell if an organism is a producer,

a herbivore or a carnivore.
leaf snail bird owl

What are the feeding types of the animals in this food chain?

Name that feeding type



Ranking consumers
Consumers eat plants or animals, or both. A food chain
can be used to rank different types of consumers.
seaweed limpet crab human

producer primary secondary tertiary
consumer consumer consumer
 Producers – make their own food.
 Primary consumers – eat producers.
 Secondary consumers – eat primary consumers.
 Tertiary consumers – eat secondary consumers.

Primary, secondary or tertiary?



What is a food web?
Why is it a good idea for an organism to have different
sources of food? Animals usually eat many different things
and are involved in lots of different food chains:
plants aphid ladybird blue tit owl

plants moth blue tit owl
plants vole stoat
plants vole owl
These food chains can be put together in a food web,

which shows how the food chains are connected.
What would the food web for these food chains look like?

Food webs
chiffchaff
owl stoat
bluetit
moth
spider
vole
ladybird
aphid plant
Using a food web
1. Name the producer
in this food web.
2. Name two herbivores

in this food web.
3. Name two species that

are top carnivores.
4. How many secondary

consumers are there?
5. Which food chains

include the moth?

Build a food web

Build a food web

Build a food web

Build a food web

Changes in the food chain
Nearly every species of animal is dependent on a number of
other species for survival – this is called interdependence.
Currently human activity is

damaging the natural
habitats of many animals.
This will not only affect the

animals in the area, but it
could have far-reaching
effects on the rest of the
species in the food web.
If the population of a species declines dramatically how

might this affect the other species that depend upon it?

Changes in a food web








Food chain populations










Classwork/ homework
• Complete questions 1 – 7 on the N: Feeding Relationships
page in your Onenote class notebook
• Complete the page A: Exploring food webs in your Onenote
class notebook
• Learn the key terms using Quizlet or do the challenge
activities
Textbook pages: chapter 5 pp 37 – 48
Challenge Activities
• Watch the challenge video From David Attenborough (link
on the learning resources page)
• Complete research to answer the questions in green
• Start the crossword
L2 Decomposition
All will: Identify types of decomposers

Most will: Draw a brown food chains and
webs
Some will: suggest why decomposers are
important

Death benefits?
When animals and plants die, they
are decomposed by microbes.
In this way, the nutrients that were

stored in animals and plants are
eventually returned to the soil.
The nutrients fertilize the soil,

helping producers, such as
plants, to grow better.
As the number of producers increases, how will this affect

the populations of organisms higher up in the food chain?

What happens to the waste?






Classwork/ homework
• Complete questions 8 – 13 on the N: Feeding Relationships
page in your Onenote class notebook
• Complete the Seneca activity linked in assignments
activities
• Watch the challenge video Fungal intelligence (link on the
learning resources page)
• Do the crossword

L3 Populations
All will: Define the important terms

Most will: Describe the predator prey
relationship
Some will: Suggest factors that could
influence population size

Describing populations over time

Describing Populations Over Time







Predation
The number of prey would be controlled by

the next trophic level.

Water availability
If there is not enough water, organisms

would die!

Food availability
If there is not enough food, organisms

would die!
If there is a lot, numbers would increase.

Competition
Organisms compete (fight/race) with each

other for resources.

Disease
Diseases often get transferred within or

between populations. Those with
diseases may die.

Natural Disasters
A random event may kill many organisms.

Predator-prey relationships
Animals that are high up in food chains, such as the fox,
tend to be hunters that are skilled at locating and killing
their food. These hunters are called predators.
The animals on which the predator

feeds are called their prey.
Prey animals tend to be well

adapted to avoid the predator.
Common prey adaptations

include camouflage or the ability
to produce poisonous toxins.

Prey population changes
The relationship between predator and prey population
numbers in a food web is very close and follows a cyclical
pattern. This means that it rises and falls in a fairly regular
cycle. Why is this?
The rabbit population changes due to both the vegetation

growing season and changes in the fox population.
Individual rabbits must compete for food and mates, and
must also avoid being killed by their predators, the foxes.

Predator population changes
The fox population also follows a cyclical pattern very similar
to the rabbit population. Why is this?
The fox is very dependent on rabbits for food, so as the

rabbit population changes so does the fox population.
This is why the fox population rises and falls slightly
after the rise and fall of the rabbit population.
How do cyclical rises and falls in population numbers
affect the organisms in a larger food web?

Classwork/ homework
• Complete questions 1 – 9 on the N: Measuring
ecosystems page in your Onenote class notebook
• Complete the page A: Carrying capacity in your Onenote
class notebook
activities
• Watch the challenge videos (link on the learning
resources page)
L3 Populations
All will: interpret a pyramid of numbers

Most will: Draw a pyramid of numbers
Some will: Give advantages and
disadvantages of different types of
pyramid

Food for energy
Why do organisms need to feed?
Most animals get their energy from food. If the producers

at the bottom of the food chain are small organisms, then
the consumers at the top of chain need to eat many of
them to gain enough energy.
Much of the energy

that prey generate
is lost on a daily
basis through heat,
growth and waste.
Very little energy is actually

transferred to the predator.

Food chains and pyramids
What can a pyramid of numbers show about energy transfer?

What are pyramids of numbers?
Pyramids of numbers are a numerical
way of representing food chains.
They record the number
of organisms at each
level in the food chain.
What are the problems of
representing food chains in
pyramids of numbers?
Pyramids of numbers only give an accurate impression of
the flow of energy in a food chain if the organisms are of
similar size. Measuring the biomass (living material that
makes up all organisms) at each level in the food chain can
give a more accurate picture.

Numbers or biomass?

Numbers or biomass?

Numbers or biomass?

Numbers or biomass?

Understanding pyramids of numbers
In a pyramid of numbers, the length of each bar represents
the number of organisms at each level in the food chain.
As a single tree can support many organisms, this food

chain produces an unbalanced pyramid.

Understanding pyramids of biomass
In a pyramid of biomass, the length of each bar represents
the biomass at each level of the food chain.
At each level, the amount of biomass and energy available

is reduced, giving a pyramid shape.

A B

A B

A B

A B

100 of © Boardworks Ltd 2008



Classwork/ homework
• Complete the page A: Pyramids in your Onenote class
notebook
activities
• Watch the challenge videos (link on the learning
resources page)
L3 Populations
All will: Define important terms

Most will: Describe biomagnification
Some will: Suggest the implications of
biomaginfication

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Some pollutants can build up in food chains, causing

harm to organisms. These chemicals tend to be very
stable compounds that are not easily broken down in
the natural environment.
It is thought that these chemicals can cause a variety of

problems in animals higher up in food chains, affecting the
immune system, growth and reproduction.

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Bioaccumulation is when the chemical builds up in the tissues
of an organism
Biomagnification is where the concentration of the chemical
increases in the tissues of the organisms as you move up
through a food chain
DDT: a chemical that was widely used as an insecticide,
helping to control populations of disease carrying insects.
It was banned in 1972.

Bioaccumulation in food chains








Classwork/ homework
• Complete any outstanding work from the topic so far
activities
• Watch the challenge video Toxins in the ocean (link on
the learning resources page)

L3 Populations
All will: Identify equipment

Most will: Describe a sampling technique
Some will: Analyse samples collected

Sampling Methods
• There are many different sampling

methods that can be used to investigate
ecosystems
• They are often used to see how the
ecosystem is changing and the effects
that humans are having.
• They should be designed to be ethical,
so they should not damage the
ecosystem or harm the organisms

Sampling Plants
• Plants are sampled using a quadrat

which is a fixed area.
• The quadrat is randomly positioned and
species within the quadrat are observed
and recorded

Kick Net Sampling
• Small aquatic invertebrates are sampled using kick
net sampling
• The net is placed downstream from the sample site
and the bottom is kicked to disturb it and displace the
organisms into the net
• The time can be standardised for comparison

Classwork/ homework
• Complete the page A: Habitat Sampling in your Onenote
class notebook
• Complete any outstanding work from the topic so far
activities
• Watch the challenge videos (link on the learning resources
page)
Glossary

Anagrams

Multiple-choice quiz

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Feeding relationships

1 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2008

All will: Define the important terms

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Some organisms produce their own food.

Plants produce their own food using light

Other organisms cannot make their own

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leaf caterpillar bird fox

A leaf is eaten by a caterpillar, which is then eaten by a

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 A food chain from a forest habitat.

Use arrows ( ) to show

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If the producer is a plant, only a small part of it might be

From a food chain, we can tell if an organism is a producer,

leaf snail bird owl

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seaweed limpet crab human

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plants aphid ladybird blue tit owl

These food chains can be put together in a food web,

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2. Name two herbivores

3. Name two species that

4. How many secondary

5. Which food chains

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Currently human activity is

This will not only affect the

If the population of a species declines dramatically how

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