SQL AGGREGATE

FUNCTIONS
WHAT IS AGGREGATE
FUNCTION IN SQL?

Aggregate functions helps to summarize the large volumes of data.

This function can produced a single value for an entire group or table.

They operate on sets of rows and return results based on groups of rows.
LIST OF AGGREGATE
FUNCTIONS
1. COUNT
2.SUM
3. AVERAGE
4. MAX
5. MIN
1. COUNT () function:
The SQL COUNT function returns the number of rows in a table satisfying the
criteria specified in the WHERE clause. It sets on the number of rows or non NULL
column values.

SQL Syntax:
COUNT(*) , COUNT( [ALL|DISTINCT] expression )
WHAT IS SUBQUERY IN SQL?

A subquery is a SQL query nested inside a larger query.

A subquery may occur in :
 - A SELECT clause
 - A FROM clause
 - A WHERE clause

The subquery can be nested inside a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement
or inside another subquery.
A subquery is usually added within the WHERE Clause of another SQL SELECT
statement.
You can use the comparison operators, such as >, <, or =. The comparison operator can
also be a multiple-row operator, such as IN, ANY, or ALL.
WHAT IS SUBQUERY IN SQL?
(CONT’D)
A subquery is also called an inner query or inner select, while the statement
containing a subquery is also called an outer query or outer select.
The inner query executes first before its parent query so that the results of an inner
query can be passed to the outer query
You can use a subquery in a SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement to
perform the following tasks:
Compare an expression to the result of the query.
Determine if an expression is included in the results of the query.
Check whether the query selects any rows.
WHAT IS SUBQUERY IN SQL?
(CONT’D)
The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query (outer query)
executes.
The main query (outer query) use the subquery result.
Syntax:
SUBQUERIES: GUIDELINES
There are some guidelines to consider when using subqueries :
A subquery must be enclosed in parentheses. 
A subquery must be placed on the right side of the comparison operator. 
Subqueries cannot manipulate their results internally, therefore ORDER BY clause
cannot be added into a subquery. You can use an ORDER BY clause in the main
SELECT statement (outer query) which will be the last clause.
Use single-row operators with single-row subqueries. 
If a subquery (inner query) returns a null value to the outer query, the outer query
will not return any rows when using certain comparison operators in a WHERE
clause.
TYPE OF SUBQUERIES

Single row subquery : Returns zero or one row.

Multiple row subquery : Returns one or more rows.
Multiple column subqueries : Returns one or more columns.
Correlated subqueries : Reference one or more columns in the outer SQL statement.
The subquery is known as a correlated subquery because the subquery is related to
the outer SQL statement.
Nested subqueries : Subqueries are placed within another subquery.
SQL INNER JOIN
SQL INNER JOIN Keyword
The INNER JOIN keyword selects all rows from both tables as long as there is a
match between the columns in both tables.
SQL INNER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
SQL LEFT JOIN
SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword
The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1), with the
matching rows in the right table (table2). The result is NULL in the right side when
there is no match.
SQL LEFT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
SQL RIGHT JOIN
SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword
The RIGHT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the right table (table2), with the
matching rows in the left table (table1). The result is NULL in the left side when
there is no match.
SQL RIGHT JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
RIGHT JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;
SQL FULL OUTER
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Keyword
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table (table1) and
from the right table (table2).
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and RIGHT
joins.
SQL FULL OUTER JOIN Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2
ON table1.column_name=table2.column_name;