TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN KOMUNIKASI

PENDAHULUAN
ICT AND ORGANIZATION :PROCESS AND
FACTORS
1. Introduction
2. Organization, communication and technology
3. Innovation, organization and diffusion
4. Organization, environment and individuals
5. Factors influencing the adoption, implementation,
use and effects
 Introduction
 The emergence of ICT has radically altered a number of
aspects of both the way we live and the way we work. In
today’s working environment, an office without a personal
computer (PC) is unthinkable, and those of us who cannot be
reached at work by e-mail have some explaining to do – as
does a company that does not have its own website.
 In this chapter we define the process of adoption,
implementation, use and effects of ICT in organizations using
the work of a number of important authors and researchers in
this area. Next, we will address the factors that have an
influence on the course of this process
ORGANIZATION, COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY
 First, the effects of a technology on people and
organizations can never fully be established in advance
 Secondly, it has become sufficiently clear that the
introduction of a new technology does not automatically lead
to the realization of all kinds of positive effects of that
technology
 determine the suitability of a specific form of ICT within an
organization, and also provides insight into the interaction
between the characteristics of the technology and
(processes within) an organization.
Penyesuaian bentuk TIK dalam suatu
organisasi
Diffusion of innovations

 Diffusions the process by which an innovation is

communicated through certain channels over time among
the members of a social system.’ From this definition,
Rogers derives the four central elements of a diffusion
process: an innovation, communication channels, time
and a social system.
an innovation

characteristics of the innovation (Rogers, 1983: 214–32):

 Relative Advantage , the extent to which an innovation is considered
‘better’ than the idea, practice or object it is supposed to replace;
 Compatibility , the extent to which an innovation is consistent with
existing values, previous experiences and the needs of potential users;
 Complexity , the extent to which the innovation is perceived as difficult to
understand and complex to use;
 Trialability , the extent to which an innovation can be tested and
experimented with on a limited scale; and
 Observability , the extent to which the use and effects of an innovation
are visible to other members of the social system.
communication channels
Communication channels are the actual carriers of the
diffusion process, the roads along which the innovation
travels through the social system. These channels can be ;

mass media(particularly effective when it comes to

distributing information regarding the innovation).
interpersonal channels (relationships within social
networks, especially effective in persuading others to
adopt – or reject – an innovation)
 time
time plays a role in the speed with which an innovation is being diffused within a social
system: the rate of adoption. Rogers identifies five ‘adopter categories’ based on their
relative innovativeness:

• innovators, who are actively looking for information regarding new ideas and who adopt these
innovations at a very early stage;
• early adopters, who often play the role of opinion leaders within the community of which they are a
member, and who adopt innovation at a relatively early stage, but are less venturesome than innovators;
• early majority, those units of adoption that adopt an innovation before the ‘average’ person or
organization does so;
• late majority, the group that is somewhat sceptical and waits until the ‘average’ person or organization
has adopted the innovation before deciding to do so themselves; and
• laggards, conservative individuals or organizations with few external contacts and a primarily
suspicious attitude towards new ideas, who will not adopt an innovation until a very late stage (or not at
all).
social system

The social systemis the environment within which the

diffusion process takes place.

Rogers (1983: 24) defines this as follows: ‘A social system

is defined as a set of interrelated units that are engaged in
joint problem solving to accomplish a common goal’.
Innovation in organizations
Diffusion of ICT in organizations: from adoption up
to and including effects
 A four-phase model of the diffusion of ICT in organizations
 adoption;
‘the phase of investigation, research, consideration and decision making in order to introduce a new
innovation in the organization
 implementation;
the phase of internal strategy formation, project definition and activities in which an adopted application
is introduced within the organization, with the aim of removing reservations and stimulating the optimum
use of the application
 use;
the phase in which the members of an organization start applying the ICT application
in their daily operational activities
 Effects
the phase in which the consequences of the use of an ICT application for the organization become
manifest – consequences for the individual execution of tasks within the organization, for
communication processes and structures within and between organizations, and for the position of the
organization within its environment.
4. ORGANIZATION, ENVIRONMENT AND
INDIVIDUALS
5. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ADOPTION,
IMPLEMENTATION, USE AND EFFECTS

 The organizational perspective

 The technological perspective
 The economic perspective
 The user perspective