Chapter Three

Design of the Operation System

 Chapter outline
• Design process
• Reducing time-to-market
• Improving quality of design
• Special considerations in service design
 Introduction
• Dynamism in business env’t calls for questions related
to product and service design.
• Designs can provide a competitive edge by bringing
new ideas to the market quickly, doing a better job of
satisfying customer needs, or being easier to
manufacture, use, and repair.
• Product design is the mother of all operations
processes in an organization.
• The processes for manufacture, the planning of
production, the processes and checks for quality
depend upon the nature of the product.
• Design gives the blueprint.
 Introduction cont’d…
• The design process itself is beneficial because
it encourages companies to look outside their
boundaries, bring in new ideas, challenge
conventional thinking, and experiment.
• Product and service design provide a natural
venue for learning, breaking down barriers,
working in teams, and integrating across
functions.
 Purpose of a product design
• designs are ‘creative’ in nature and they should be so;
but the design should serve the organizational
objectives while being creative.
• Since an organization has a purpose, the product
design should help to serve that larger purpose.
• Providing value to the customer, the return on
investment to the company and the competitiveness of
the company should form the basis of the product
design effort.
 Purpose of a product design cont’d…
• A product’s design has tremendous impact on:
 what materials and components would be used,
 which suppliers will be included,
 what machines or what type of processes will be used to
manufacture it,
 where it will be stored,
 how it will be transported.
• Since a customer does not necessarily imply an already
tied-up customer, but also a potential one, what and
how will the general yet target customer community
be informed depends upon what the design of the
product is.
 Definition
• Product design - is the process of deciding on
the unique characteristics and features of the
company’s product and service.
• Process selection - is the development or
acquisition of the process necessary to
produce the designed product.
 Inseparability of designs Cont’d….
• The two go together – products require processes and
processes limit what products can be produced.
• A company can have a highly innovative design for its
product, but if it has not determined how to make the
product in a cost effective way, the product will stay a
design forever.
• Product design and process selection affect
product quality, product cost, and customer
satisfaction.
 Impact of design and design process
 Affects quality of a product/service:
• Poor designs- may not meet customers need or difficult
to make that quality suffers.
• Costly design-result in overpriced product that loses
market share.
• If the design process is too lengthy, it looses first mover
advantage
• Rushing to enter 1st result in design flaws, and poor
performance, which totally negate first-mover
advantages; in turn affects customer satisfaction.
• Design may be an art, but the design process should be
managed effectively.
 Product/Service design and
development Process
 Every business organization has to design, develop and
introduce new products as a survival and growth
strategy.
 Effective design:
• can provide a competitive edge
– matches product or service characteristics with customer
requirements
– ensures that customer requirements are met in the simplest
and least costly manner.
– reduces time required to design a new product or service
– minimizes revisions necessary to make a design workable
 Cont’d
• Design is a critical process for a firm:
 Strategically, it defines firm’s customers and
competitors
 Capitalizes on firm’s competencies and determines
what new competencies need to be developed.
 Defines new markets and requires new
process( change deriver)
 Design of Goods vs Services
• Product design deals with its form and function.
– Form implies the shape and appearance of the product while
function is related to the working of the product.
• It specifies:
materials to be used
determines dimensions and tolerances
defines appearance of the product
set standards for performance
• Service design is unique in that we are designing both
the service and the entire service concept.
 Service design.
• As with a tangible product, the service concept is
based on meeting customer needs.
• The service design, however, adds the aesthetic and
psychological benefits of the product.
• Service design defines the characteristics of a
service, specifies what physical items, sensual
benefits, and psychological benefits is to receive from
service.
 Cont’d…
Product design
 defines appearance of
product
 specifies which materials
are to be used
 determines dimensions and
tolerances
 value stored in the product
 often standardized
 often designed in industry
environment
 Quality inherent in product
Service design
 specifies what physical items,
sensual benefits, and
psychological benefits is to
receive from service
 depends on trained personnel
 defines environment in which
service will take place.
 value conveyed as used
 often customized
 designed in market ( with
customer) environment.
 quality inherent in process
 Requirements of a Good Design
a) Customer satisfaction. The product should satisfy the
customers by fulfilling their need and expectations.
– It should function properly
– It should be of proper quality so as to achieve desired
degree of accuracy and reliability
– Easy to use( operate)
– Easy to repair and service
– Able to withstand rough handling
– Good aesthetic view
– Have good space utilization
– It should fulfill the ergonomic requirement of the user
 Cont’d….
b) Adequate profit
• It should be able to manufacture at a
reasonable cost so that it can compete other
products in the market
• A good design needs minimum number of
parts
• It should adapt latest technology so that
manufacturing requires minimum cost per
unit of production
 The product design process

• The path from an idea to a finished product is

by no means fixed.
• It depends up on the nature of the firm, the
product, and numerous other factors.
• Certain steps are common in the development
of most product designs.
• They are idea generation, product screening,
preliminary design and testing, and final
design.
 Cont’d…
Idea Feasibility
generation Product or study Performance
service concept specifications

Form design
Suppliers Customers
R&D
Marketing Competitors Revising and testing
prototypes

Functional Production
design design
Design Manufacturing
New product or specifications or delivery
service launch specifications
Pilot run
Final design and final tests
& process plans
 Cont’d….

Steps in the product design process

 Cont’d….
i) Idea generation
• To remain competitive, companies must be
innovative and bring out new products
regularly.
Sources of product ideas
1. Within the organization (Market researchers,
Sales people,
R&D, company workers, Managers)
2. Customers complaints or suggestions
3. Technological developments
 Idea generation cont’d…
4. Competitors- way of using competitors’ ideas:
i) benchmarking- refers to finding the best-in-class
product or process, measuring the performance of
your product or process against it, and making
recommendations for improvement based on the
results.
 The benchmarked company may be in an entirely
different line of business.
 Idea generation cont’d…
ii) Reverse Engineering- carefully disassembling
the product of competitor and analyze its
parts and features to include best features in
to its own product.
Reverse engineering at Ford company

Audi’s accelerator
Pedal - Germany

Toyota’s fuel- Taurus automobile- Ford

gauge
accuracy Of 400 features of competitors’
products, more than 300 were
copied, adapted or enhanced
BMW’s tire and
jack storage
 Perceptual Map
iii) Perceptual maps- a visual method of
comparing customer perceptions of a
company’s product with competitor’s
products.
 Perceptual Map cont’d…
A Perceptual Map
of Breakfast
Cereals

*The lack of an entry in the good-taste, high-nutrition category

suggests there are opportunities for this kind of cereal in the
market
 Idea generation cont’d…
5. Suppliers early supplier involvement (ESI) -
where suppliers are involved in the early
stages of product design.
 Cont’d…
• For products and services whereby customers are
attracted by superior technology and creative ideas,
research and development is the primary source of
new product ideas.
• Expenditures for R&D can be enormous ($2 million a
day at Kodak!) and investment risky (only 1 in 20
ideas ever becomes a product and only 1 in 10 new
products is successful).
• In addition, ideas generated by R&D may follow a
long path to commercialization. (Read “Along the
Supply Chain” box from Taylor pp 159)
 Cont’d….
2. Product( idea) Screening- involves evaluating
ideas generated to determine their likelihood of
success.
• Approximately 80 percent of ideas do not make it
past the screening stage .
• Product concept is a detailed description of an idea,
which you describe from the perspective of your
customer.
• It is the value of the product idea to your customer -
its value proposition
• Taking your customers' viewpoint when describing
your product concept will help you test and evaluate
how responsive your market will be to your product.
 Cont’d…
 Crucial questions to identify the value proposition of
your product:
• What extra value does the product bring to the
marketplace?
• How does the product create value for the
customer?
• How is the product different from what is offered in
the marketplace now?
• Will customers be interested in and willing to buy
your product?
• How many customers will buy your product? Will
they buy more than one?
 iii) Feasibility study
• The promising concepts undergo a
feasibility study.
• The company’s product screening team
evaluates the product design idea
according to the needs of the major
business functions; that is:
• Feasibility study consists of a market
analysis, an economic analysis, and a
technical/strategic analysis.
 Feasibility study
a) Operations /Technical
• What are the production needs of the
proposed new product and how do they match
our existing resources?
• Will we need new facilities, technology and
equipment?
• Do we have the labor and management skills to
make the product?
• Can the material for production be readily
obtained?
• Does the new product provide a competitive
advantage for the company?
 Feasibility study Cont’d….
b) Marketing
• What is the potential size of the market for
the proposed new product?
• How much effort will be needed to develop a
market for the product and
• What is the long-term product potential?
through customer surveys, interviews, focus
groups, or market tests
c) Finance
• What is the proposed new product’s financial
potential, cost, and return on investment?
• Is the risk or capital investment excessive?
 Cont’d….
• Unfortunately, there is no magic formula for deciding
whether or not to pursue a particular product idea.
• Managerial skill and experience, however, are key.
• Fortunately, we have decision-making tools to help us
evaluate new product ideas.
• A popular one is break-even analysis – computing the
break even point.
• An assessment can then be made as to how difficult or
easy it will be to cover costs and make a profit.
• A product with a break-even quantity that is hard to
attain might not be a good product choice to pursue.
 Cont’d….

BEQ=

Fixed cos t
BEQ =
selling price / unit  var iable cos t / unit
 Output of feasibility study
• Performance specification report –a written
report for product concepts that pass the
feasibility study and are approved for
development- they describe the function of
the product-what should the product do to
satisfy customer needs, which leads to
prototyping.
 iv) Preliminary Design and Testing
• Design engineers translate general performance
specifications into technical specifications.
• It involves building prototypes( Preliminary design) and
testing them.
• Rapid prototyping: creating, testing, and revising a
preliminary design model.
• Creates preliminary design models that are quickly
tested and either discarded (as fast failures) or further
refined.
• Changes are made based on test results, and the
process of revising, rebuilding a prototype, and testing
continues until a visible design is determined.
 Preliminary Design and Testing
cont’d…
• For service companies this may entail testing
the offering on a small scale and working with
customers to refine the service offering.
• Staying long in testing risks imitation of the
product by competitor, while rushing creates
the risk that all the “bugs” have not been
worked out, which can prove very costly.
 Preliminary Design and Testing
cont’d…
• The iterative process of revising, rebuilding a
prototype, and testing involves form and
functional design, as well as production design.
• It is important that these design decisions be
performed concurrently at the rapid prototype
stage as design decisions affect sales strategies,
efficiency of manufacture, assembly quality,
speed of repair, and product cost.
 Concurrent design:
• a new approach to design that involves the
simultaneous design of products and processes by
design teams.
• Improves quality of early design decisions and cost
• Involves suppliers
• Incorporates production process
• Uses a price-minus system unlike cost plus in
traditional approach
• Scheduling and management can be complex as
tasks are done in parallel.
Concurrent engineering
 Sequential vs Concurrent design
Traditional approach:
• “over-the-wall” approach, because the
designers would throw their design “over-the-
wall” to operations that then had to decide
how to produce the product.
• There are many problems with the old
approach:
 First, it is very inefficient and costly-
Concurrent engineering allows everyone to
work together so these problems do not
occur.
How the customer How the Project Leader How the Analyst How the Programmer How the Business
explained it understood it. designed it. wrote it. Consultant described it.

How the project was What Operations How the customer How it was What the customer
documented. installed. was billed. supported. really needed.
 Sequential vs Concurrent design
cont’d…
 Second, it takes a longer amount of time than
when product and process design are
performed concurrently
 Third, it does not create a team atmosphere,
which is important in today’s work
environment. Rather, it creates an atmosphere
where each function views its role separately
in a type of “us versus them” mentality
 Sequential vs Concurrent design
cont’d…
• With concurrent engineering the team is
responsible for designing and getting the
product to market.
• Team members continue working together to
resolve problems with the product and
improve the process.
 Concurrent design Cont’d…
• The three types of concurrent
designs are : form, functional, and
production design.

i) Form design(FD)-how the product

will look. i.e. the physical appearance of a product its
shape, color, size, style.
• Aesthetics like image, market appeal and personal
identification is also part of FD.
(Read Apple’s design process in the “Along the Supply
Chain” box- pp 162)
Typical BMW( top two) and Ford
(bottom) car form
 Concurrent design-Functional Design
Cont’d…
ii) Functional design-how the product performs.
• Seeks to meet performance specifications of
fitness for use by customer.
– Three performance characteristics considered
in this phase”:
1)Reliability
2)Maintainability and
3)Usability.
 Reliability
1) Reliability: The ability of a product, part, or
system to perform its intended function under a
prescribed set of conditions for specified period
of time.
• It is used by customers:
 to compare alternatives,
impact on repeat sales,
reflection on producer’s image and
 legal implication if it is too low
 Reliability cont’d…
The three dimensions of reliability:

Reliability as probability – if an item has a

reliability of say 0.9, this means the
probability that it will function as intended is
90% and that the probability it will fails is 10%.
 Reliability cont’d…
Failure: Situation in which a product, part, or
system does not perform as intended.
• This includes instances in which the item :
i. does not function at all,
ii. it is substandard or
iii. do not function as intended.
• Eg. smoke alert may not detect the smoke at all
or an alarm is too low to give warning or might
sound an alarm even though no smoke is
present.
 Reliability cont’d…
Normal operating conditions: The set of
conditions under which an item’s reliability is
specified. Failure to regard these conditions
leads to premature failure of parts or system
completely.
Measuring Reliability
• In measuring reliability of an overall system or
product, we have two types of probability:
 Reliability cont’d…
a) The probability that the product or system
will function in any given trial
• The probability that a given product or
system will perform on a given trial is a
function of reliabilities of its component
parts and how they are interrelated.
 Reliability cont’d…
b) The probability that the product or system
will function for a given length of time.
• This involves the incorporation of a time
dimension: probabilities are determined
relative to a specified length of time.
• This approach is commonly used in product
warranties, which pertains to a given period of
time after purchase of a product.
 Reliability cont’d…
•Itm
happens that a number of items fail shortly after
they are put in to the service, not because they wear
out, but they are defective to begin with.

•The rate of such failures decrease rapidly once the truly

defective items are weeded out.
During the second phase, there are fewer failures
because most of the defective items have been
eliminated and it is too soon to encounter items that fail
because they have worn out.
In the third phase, failures due to wear out and the
failure rate increases.
 Reliability cont’d…
• Information on the distribution and length of each
phase requires the collection of historical data and
analysis of those data.
• the mean time between failures (MTBF) can be
modeled by a negative exponential distribution.
• the exponential distribution can be used to
determine various probabilities of interest.
 The probability that the equipment or product that is
put in to service at time 0 will fail before some
specified time, T , is equal to the area under the
curve between 0 and T.
 Reliability cont’d…
Example
By means of extensive testing, a manufacturer has
determined that its Supper Sucker vacuum Cleaner
models have an expected life that is exponential with
a mean of 4 years. Find the probability that one of
these cleaners will have a life that ends:
a. after the initial four year of service
b. Before four year of service are completed
c. Not before six years of service
 Reliability cont’d…
• Product life can some times be modeled by a normal
distribution. Obtaining probabilities involve the use of
normal distribution table, which provides the area
under the normal curve, the left end of the curve to
the specified value, Z, where Z is standard value
computed using the formula:
 Improving reliability
• Reliability can be improved by :
• simplifying product design, improving the reliability of
individual components, or
• adding redundant components.
• Products that are easier to manufacture
or assemble, are well maintained, and have
users who are trained in proper use have
higher reliability.
Improving reliability cont’d…
 Concurrent design-Functional
Design Cont’d…
2) Maintainability ( Serviceability) -the
ease with which a product is maintained or
repaired.
• Products can be made easier to maintain by
assembling them in modules, like computers,
so that entire control panels, cards, or disk
drives can be replaced when they
malfunction.
 Concurrent design-Functional Design
Cont’d…
System Availability (SA)
• The fraction of time a piece of equipment or
system is expected to be available for
operation.
 MTBF = mean time between failures
 MTTR = mean time to repair
 Concurrent design-Functional Design
Cont’d…
3) Usability -ease of use of a product or service.
• Usability is what makes a product or service
easy to use and a good fit for its targeted
customer.
• It is a combination of factors that affect the
user’s experience with a product, including ease
of learning, ease of use, and ease of
remembering how to use, frequency and
severity of errors, and user satisfaction with the
experience.
 Concurrent design-Functional Design
Cont’d…
E.g. of usability
• Speakers in laptop computers that are
covered by your wrists as you type.
• Doors that you can’t tell whether to pull or
push.
• Remote controls with more and more buttons
of smaller and smaller size for multiple
products.
 Concurrent Engineering-Production design

iii) Production design-how the product will be

made.
• Designs that are difficult to make often result in poor-
quality products.
• Engineers tend to overdesign products, with too many
features, options, and parts.
• Lack of knowledge of manufacturing capabilities can
result in designs that are impossible to make or require
skills and resources not currently available
• Late changes in design is both costly and disruptive
 Concurrent Engineering-Production design
cont’d…
• An adjustment in one part may necessitate an
adjustment in other parts, “unraveling” the
entire product design.
• That’s why production design is considered in
the preliminary design phase.
• Recommended approaches to production
design include simplification, Value Engineering,
standardization, modularity, and design for
manufacture.
 Approaches in Production Design

i) Design for Manufacture – the ease with

which the product is produced easily and
economically.
• When we think of product design, we
generally first think of how to please the
customer. However, we also need to consider
how easy or difficult it is to manufacture the
product.
• Otherwise, we might have a great idea that is
difficult or too costly to manufacture.
 Cont’d…
• emphasizes the importance of incorporating
production design early in the design process.
• When successful, DFM not only improves the
quality of product design but also reduces
both the time and cost of product design and
manufacture
 DFM Guidelines
DFM guidelines promote good design practice, such as:
• Minimize number of parts and subassemblies
• Avoid tools, separate fasteners, and adjustments
• Use standard parts when possible and repeatable, well-
understood processes
• Design parts for many uses, and modules that can be
combined in different ways.
• Design for ease of assembly, minimal handling, and
proper presentation
• Allow for efficient and adequate testing and
replacement of parts
 Cont’d….
ii) Design simplification and Value Analysis (engineering)
a) Design simplification - reducing the number of parts and
features of the product whenever possible or reducing
unnecessary variety in the product line by decreasing the
number and variety of products produced
 Design simplification cont’d…

.
 Value Analysis
b)Value Analysis (engineering)-an attempt to see
if any materials or components can be
substituted or redesigned in such a way as to
continue to perform the desired function, but
at a lower cost.
 Value Analysis cont’d…

• Can we do without it?

• Does it do more than is required?
• Does it cost more than it is worth?
• Can something else do a better job?
• Can it be made by
– a less costly method?
– with less costly tooling?
– with less costly material?
• Can it be made cheaper, better, or faster by
someone else?
 Cont’d….
iii) Design standardization -refers to the use of common
and interchangeable parts to assure the
interchangeability.
• By using interchangeable parts:
 we can make a greater variety of products with less inventory and
significantly lower cost
 provide greater flexibility and enables firms to work with larger
quantities of fewer items.
 Easier purchasing and material handling is possible
 Standardization makes both mass production and maintenance
much easier. E.g. Light bulbs, battery, DVDs benefit from this.
• However, standardization limits the options available to
customers.
 Cont’d….
iv) Modular design- is essentially
standardization in chunks. Modules represent
grouping of component parts in to sub
assemblies to create unique products, usually to
the point where the individual parts lose their
separate identities.
• It allows:
– easier diagnosis and remedy of failures
– easier repair and replacement
– simplification of manufacturing and assembly
 Cont’d…
• Group Technology (GT) – is a method of
grouping similar parts or products in to families
to facilitate both design and manufacturing
activities.
• minimizes the differences due to individual
designs and routings, in favor of standardized
processes.
• By reducing setup and changeover time, GT
concepts help firms produce customized
products at medium to high volumes.
 4. Final product Design - Product
design process cont’d…
• This is where final product specifications are drawn up.
• The final specifications are then translated into specific
processing instructions to manufacture the product,
which include :
– selecting equipment,
– outlining jobs that need to be performed,
– identifying specific materials needed and suppliers that will be
used, and
– all the other aspects of organizing the process of product
production.
• Launching a new product involve ramping up
production, coordinating supply chain, rolling out mkt
plans.
 Technology in design
• Changes in product design are more frequent,
and product lifecycles are shorter.
• The ability to get new products to the market
quickly has revolutionized the competitive
environment and changed the nature of
manufacturing, which is partly attributed to
technological advancements. This include:
 Technology in design cont’d…
i)Computer aided design
CAD
CAD - the use of
computerized
workstations, complete
with database and
computer graphics, to
rapidly develop and
analyze a product’s design.
 assists in the creation,
modification, and analysis
of a design.
 Technology in design cont’d…
ii) Computer aided manufacturing (CAM) -
activities reflect the trend toward a fully
automated manufacturing facility, which may
ultimately link product design and
manufacturing activities with material and
capacity planning, scheduling, material
handling and finished inventory control.
• It is the extensive use of computers to
accomplish and control productions
operations.
 Cont’d…
• CAD improves every stage of product design and is
especially useful as a means of integrating design and
manufacture.
• With so many new designs and changes in existing
designs, a system is needed to keep track of design
revisions.
• Such a system is called product lifecycle management
(PLM). PLM stores, retrieves, and updates design data
from the product concept, through manufacturing,
revision, service, and retirement of the product.
 Cont’d….
Product Life Cycle
• Most products go through a series of stages of
changing product demand called the product
life cycle.
• There are typically four stages of the product
life cycle: introduction, growth, maturity, and
decline.
 Cont’d….

Stages of the product life cycle

 Cont’d….
• Products in the introductory stage are not well defined
and neither is their market. Often all the “bugs” have not
been worked out and customers are uncertain about the
product.
• In the growth stage, the product takes hold and both
product and market continue to be refined.
• The third stage is that of maturity, where demand levels
off and there are usually no design changes: the product
is predictable at this stage and so is its market. Many
products, such as toothpaste, can stay in this stage for
many years.
• Finally, there is a decline in demand, because of new
technology, better product design, or market saturation.
 Cont’d….
• The first two stages of the life cycle can
collectively be called the early stages of the
product life cycle because the product is still
being improved and refined, and the market is
still in the process of being developed.
• The last two stages of the life cycle can be
referred to as the later stages because here the
product and market are both well defined.
 Cont’d….
• Understanding the stages of the product life
cycle is important for product design purposes
such as :
 knowing at which stage to focus on design
changes.
 when considering a new product, the
expected length of the life cycle is critical in
order to estimate future profitability relative
to the initial investment
 Collaborative product design systems
• The benefits of CAD-designed products are magnified
when combined with the ability to share product-
design files and work on them in real time from
physically separate locations.
• Collaborative design can take place between designers
in the same company, between manufacturers and
suppliers, or between manufacturers and customers.
• Manufacturers can send out product designs
electronically with request for quotes (RFQ) from
potential component suppliers.
 Cont’d…
• Or performance specs can be posted to a Web site
from which suppliers can create and transmit their
own designs.
• Designs can receive final approval from customers
before expensive processing takes place.
• A complex design can involve hundreds of suppliers.
• The Web allows them to work together throughout the
design and manufacturing processes, not just at the
beginning and the end.
 Cont’d…
• Collaborative design accelerates product
development, helps to resolve product launch
issues, and improves the quality of the design.
• Designers can conduct virtual review sessions,
test “what if ” scenarios, assign and track
design issues, communicate with multiple
tiers of suppliers, and create, store, and
manage project documents.
 Design quality reviews(DQR)
• formal procedures for analyzing possible
failures and rigorously assessing the value of
every part and component should be followed.
• Techniques:
1.Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA)
2.Fault tree analysis (FTA)
 i) Failure mode and effects analysis
(FMEA)
• FMEA is a systematic approach to analyzing the causes and
effects of product failures.
• It begins with listing the functions of the product and each of its
parts.
• Failure modes are then defined and ranked in order of their
seriousness and likelihood of failure.
• Failures are addressed one by one (beginning with the most
catastrophic), causes are hypothesized, and design changes are
made to reduce the chance of failure.
• The objective of FMEA is to anticipate failures and prevent them
from occurring.
FMEA cont’d..Example
 ii) Fault tree analysis (FTA)
• is a visual method of analyzing the
interrelationship among failures.
• FTA lists failures and their causes in a tree
format using two hat like symbols, one with a
straight line on the bottom representing and
and one with a curved line on the bottom for
or.
Cont’d… Example
 Other Issues in Product design

a) Design for environment - It is a product development

approach that broadens the concept of design for
manufacturability even further to include the
environmental impact of a design from the extraction of
raw material to their disposal.
• Design for environment (DFE): designing a product from
material that can be recycled (Green sourcing) or easily
repaired rather than discarded.
 Other Issues in Product design
cont’d...
 Extended producer responsibility- holds cpny
responsible for its product even after its useful
life.
• Eco-labeling: a seal of approval for
environmentally safe products.
• Carbon footprint: a measure of greenhouse
gases.
 Eco-lables

Eco-labels are from the European Union, Germany,

Korea, Japan, Norway, Taiwan, Germany, Canada, and
the United States.
 Other Issues in Product design
cont’d...
• IS0 14000 standards provide guidelines and
certifications for environmental requirements
of doing business in certain countries, and is
often used to qualify for foreign aid, business
loans.
• Sustainability: meeting present needs without
compromising future generations.
Design for Environment (cont.)
 Cont’d….
b) Design for Robustness - Taguchi Approach to Robust
Design states that the design of product should be
insensitive to environmental factors either in
manufacturing or in use.
It is designed to withstand variations in environmental and
operating conditions.
 Causes for poor product performance(noise)- can be:
i) controllable-materials used, dimensions, and form of
processing.
ii) Uncontrollable factors-under user’s control(length of use,
maintenance…)
 Cont’d…
c) Design for disassembly- is the ease with
which product’s component parts can be
dismantled or disassembled
 Cont’d…

d) Remanufacturing - is a
concept that has been
gaining increasing
importance, as our society
becomes more
environmentally
conscious and focuses on
efforts such as recycling
and eliminating waste.
• uses components of old
products in the
production of new ones.
 Cont’d…
• In addition to the
environmental benefits,
there are significant cost
benefits because
remanufactured
products can be half the
price of their new
counterparts.
• Remanufacturing has
been quite popular in
the production of
computers, televisions,
and automobiles.
 Discussion

• Discuss trends in recycling in Ethiopia

Read on Quality function deployment from
Taylor pp 173
Note:
• Quality function deployment (QFD): translates
the voice of the customer into technical
design requirements.
 Reducing Time-to-Market
• Establish multifunctional design teams
• Make design decisions concurrently
rather than sequentially
• Design for manufacture and assembly
• Use technology in the design process
• Engage in collaborative design
Service design
 Cont’d….

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