EXPONENTIAL

FUNCTION
Prepare the following:

+MODULES
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

1
Distinguish between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequality.

2 Solves problem involving exponential function.

3
Represents exponential function through its table of values, graph, and
equation.
 Distinguish between exponential function,
1
exponential equation, and exponential
inequality.
 EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
An equation involving exponential
expression
 EXPONENTIAL
EQUATION
 
2 𝑥− 3 1
49 =
343   3𝑥
16 =24
250 𝑥 −25
110
 
=3

There is an equal
sign ( = )
 EXPONENTIAL
INEQUALITY
An inequality involving exponential
expression
 EXPONENTIAL
INEQUALITY
Uses symbols such as:
 

¿ Greater than

≥
 
Greater than or Equal to
 

 
¿
≤
Less than
Less than or Equal to
 EXPONENTIAL
INEQUALITY
𝑥 −2 2𝑥
 
4 <101
 
5 ≥0
79 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥− 2
 
12 ≤ 49  
5 +3 > 25
 
There is an inequality signs
(
 EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
can be written as 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏ˣ, where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and
x is any real number.

In the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏ˣ, b is a constant called base

and x is an independent variable called exponent
EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏ˣ
function exponent
base
 EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTION
𝑥
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=3  
h
𝑥+4
 
g
 
𝑦=101
 
It is in the form or
The following are NOT an example of
Exponential Function
2 𝑥
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥  
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) =1
Variable is the The base of exponential fxn
base and not the must be positive constant
exponent other than one

𝑦
 
h ( 𝑥) = 𝑥
Both the base and
exponent are
variables
 REMINDER!!!
An exponential equation and exponential inequality
can be solve for all x values satisfy the equation or
inequality.
An exponential function is “not solved” rather, it
expresses a relationship between two variables
(such as x and y), and can be presented by a table
of values or graph.
Determine whether each given is an exponential function, exponential
equation, or exponential inequality or none of these.
3
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝑥 None of these
𝑥
 
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 Exponential fxn
𝑥
 
25> 𝑧 None of these
  2 𝑥 +1 Exponential
2 (5 ) =500
equation
𝑥 +8 Exponential
 
625 ≥5
inequality
Table of values of exponential
function

𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑎(𝑏) 𝑥
 

Common ratio or equal ratio

 Table of values of exponential function

x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 50 20 8 3.2
  𝑥 0.4  𝑥 0.4   𝑥 0.4
1. Get the ratio
 
2 Therefore, the set of table of values is
20÷50= 𝑜𝑟0.4 an exponential function
5
 Table of values of exponential function

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x) 1/9 1/3 1 3 9
  𝑥3  𝑥3   𝑥 3  𝑥 3
1. Get the ratio

1 1 9 Therefore, the set of table of values is

 

an exponential function
÷ = 𝑜𝑟3
3 9 3
Tell whether the following table of values are exponential function or not

x 0 1 2 3  5 Not an exponential
=2.5
f(x) 2 5 8 11 2 function

x 0 1 2 3  3 Exponential function
=3
f(x) 1 3 9 27 1

x 0 1 2 3  3
=3 Not an exponential
f(x) 1 3 5 7 1
function
 Solves problem involving exponential
2 function.
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

PRODUCT
5 3
RULE 𝑥 𝑥
 

𝑚 𝑛
Same base 𝑎 𝑎
   
𝑎 𝑚+𝑛  
¿𝑥 5 +3
add exponents
8
 
¿𝑥
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE
9
QOUTIENT
 
𝑥
RULE 𝑚
 
𝑎 𝑚− 𝑛 𝑥
5
Same base
𝑎
𝑛 𝑎
 
9− 5
subtract  
¿𝑥
exponents 4
 
¿𝑥
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

POWER 3 2
RULE 1 (𝑥 )
 

Product to
power
 
¿  
𝑎 𝑚𝑥𝑛  
¿𝑥 3⋅ 2

6
distribute to
each base
 
¿𝑥
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

POWER 3 2
RULE 2 (4 𝑥 )
 

Product to
power
 
¿   𝑚
𝑎 𝑏 𝑚  
¿4 𝑥 2 3 ⋅2

6
distribute to
each base
 
¿ 16 𝑥
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

NEGATIVE
EXPONENT 1 x-3
−𝑚
Flip and 𝑎
   
1
change sign
to positive 𝑎
𝑚
 
=
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

NEGATIVE
EXPONENT 2
 
1
  1 −5
Flip and 𝑚 𝑎
change sign 𝑎
−𝑚
𝑎
 

to positive  
=
 PROPERTIES OF
EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES GENERAL APPLICATION
FORM
EXAMPLE

ZERO 0
EXPONENT (−2 𝑥)
 

0
Anything to the 𝑎
 
=1
 

zero power
(except 0) is one
=1
 Transformation
A transformation of an exponential function with base b
is a function of the form

𝑥 −𝑐
 
𝑔 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 +𝑑

Where b is a positive number not equal to 1 and a, c, and

d are real numbers.
 Population Growth
-Population growth is the increase in the
number of people in a population.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth
Suppose that the population of bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Let t=time in
days. At t=0, there were initially 20 bacteria. Give an exponential model for the
bacteria as a function.

Initially, at t=0 Number of bacteria=20

t=100 Number of bacteria=20(2)
t=200 Number of bacteria=20(2)2
t=300 Number of bacteria=20(2)3
t=400 Number of bacteria=20(2)4

 
Solution: An exponential model for this
situation is
Population Growth
EXAMPLE 1. The population of a town is estimated to increase by 15%
per year. The population today is 20 thousand. Find out what the
population will be ten years from now
 
The formula that describes the problem is
y = 20,000 x ( Basically we have 100%=1
 
y = 20,000 x ( 15%=.15
y = 20,000 x 4.05
y =80911 people
Therefore, there will be 80,911 people
EXPONENTIAL DECAY
Describes the process of reducing an amount by a consistent
percentage rate over a period of time. 
EXPONENTIAL DECAY
The population of a town is decreasing at a rate of 3% per year. In 2000
there were 1700 people. Write an exponential decay function to model this
situation. Then find the population in 2011.
 
𝑦= 𝑎(1 −𝑟 )𝑡
 
y=
 
y=
 
y=
y =1700 (0.715)
y= 1216 people
COMPOUND INTEREST
Compound interest (or compounding interest) is the interest on a loan or
deposit calculated based on both the initial principal and the accumulated
interest from previous periods. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/compoundinterest.asp

Interest rate (decimal)

  time
A=P

Principal Number of times interest is

Amount compounded per unit “t”
For compound interest

 annually means “once per year” (n = 1).

 quarterly means “4 times per year” (n = 4).
 monthly means “12 times per year” (n = 12).
 Daily usually means “365 times per year”,
or “366 times per year” during a leap year.
You deposit $2000 in a savings account at Hometown Bank, which has a rate of 6%
compounded quarterly.
a. Find the amount, A, of money in the account after 3 years
subject to compound interest.

b. Find the interest b. The amount in the account after 3 years

  is $2400. So, we take the difference of
a. A = P this amount and the principal to obtain the
 A = 2000 interest amount.

  A = 2000
  A = 2000 $2400 - $ 2000 = $ 400 is the
A = 2000 (1.20) interest amount

A =$2400
3
Represents exponential function through its table of
values, graph, and equation.
 Properties of Exponential Functions
 
The following properties of where b>0 and , can be observed from the
graph:

 a. The domain is the set of R.

b. The range is the set
c. It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test
d. The y-intercept is 1. There is no x-intercept.
e. The horizontal asymptote is the line y=0 (or the x-axis). There is
no vertical asymptote.
 Exponential Functions
General Form of an Exponential Function:
f (x) = Nx, N > 0

g(x) = 2x g(3) = 8
g(2) = 4
x
g(1) = 2
g(0) = 1
g(–1) = 21  12
g(–2) = 22  
1 1
2x
22 4
 Exponential Functions
g(x) = 2x
x g  x

2 4
1 2
0 1
1
–1 2

1
–2 4
 Exponential Functions
h(x) = 3x
x h x

2 9

1 3

0 1
1
–1 3

1
–2 9
 Exponential Functions
j  x   2 
1 x

x j  x
1
2 4

1
1 2

0 1
–1 2

–2 4

Exponential functions with positive bases less than 1

have graphs that are decreasing.
 The Number e

A base often associated with exponential functions is:

e  2.71828169
 The Number e
Euler’s number
Leonhard Euler
(pronounced “oiler”)
Swiss mathematician
and physicist
The Exponential Function
f (x) = ex
 Transformations

The graph of f(x) = b represents a parent

graph of the exponential functions. The
same techniques used to transform the
graphs of other functions we have
studied can be applied to the graphs of
exponential functions.
 Exponential Functions
g(x) = 2x (blue) A smaller base means the
graph rises more gradually.

A larger base means the

graph rises more quickly.

Exponential functions will

not have negative bases.
h(x) = 3x (red)
Example 1
Graph each function.   x y
a.  y = 2x + 1
-3 1.1
-2 1.25
-1 1.5
0 2
1 3
2 5
3 9
y=2x
 x y
g(x) = 2x
-5 -4.75
x g  x
-4 -4.5
2 4
-3 -4
1 2
-2 -3
0 1
-1 -1 1
–1 2
0 3 1
–2
1 11
4
 Exponential Equations
( x 1) 1
Solve: 5  125
x
Solve: 7 7 2
5 5
x 3 x  1   12
x3 x  12
 Exponential Equations
Solve: 8  2 Solve: 8  4
x x

2 
3 x
2
1
2 
3 x
2 2

23 x  21 23 x  2 2
3x  1 3x  2

x  13 x 2
3
 Exponential Equations
Solve:  
1 x
3  27 Solve: x
1
3
 27

3  x 
3
1 x
 27
1
 27 3 3

3 x  33 x  19,683

x  3 Not considered an
exponential equation,
because the variable
is now in the base.
x  3