ECOLOGY

AND
ENVIRON
MENT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 02
INTRODUCTION biomes
Definition and terminologies Types of biomes

03 04
Food chain & food BIOGEOCHEMICA
web L CYCLES
Types of ecological Energy flow and effects of
relationships human activities on nature
Introduction
Scientific study of relations that living organisms have
with respect to each other and their natural
environment.

Abiotic Biotic
• Climatology • Animal behaviour
• Hydrology • Taxonomy
• Oceanography • Physiology
 Levels of organization
• Biosphere: Surface of the Earth
• Ecosystem: Biological community of interacting organisms and their physical
environment
• Population: One species live in one place at one time
• Community: All populations that live in a particular area
• Habitat: Physical location of community
• Organism: Simplest level of organization
 biomes
• A large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems

Rainforest Taiga Deciduous

forest

Grasslands Deserts Tundra

 Food chain
• The sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organisms to
organisms.
 Food web
• Consists of all the food chains in an ecosystem.
• Each living thing in an ecosystem is part of multiple food chains.
 Ecological relationships

1. Mutualism
• Interaction between two or more species where each
species receives benefits.

2. Commensalism
• Interaction between two organisms In which one
benefits and the other is unaffected.

3. Parasitism
• Relationship between species where one organism
benefits while the other is harmed.
 Energy pyramid
• Shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next along a food chain.
• Most of the food energy that enters a trophic level is lost as heat.
• The higher the trophic level on the pyramid, the lower the amount of available energy.
 Ecological succession
• Process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time.
• Primary succession: occurs in essentially lifeless areas.
• Secondary succession: occurs in area where a community that previously existed has
been removed.
 Biogeochemical cycles
• The ways in which an element – or compound – moves between its various living and
non-living forms and locations in the biosphere.

• Includes water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle, and sulphur
cycle.
 Water cycle
• Shows the continuous movement of water within the Earth and atmosphere.
• It describes how water evaporates from the surface of the Earth, rises into the
atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds, and falls again to the
surface as precipitation.
 Carbon cycle
• A cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
• Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component
of many minerals such as limestone.
 Nitrogen cycle
• A biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms
as it circulates among atmosphere, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.
 Phosphorus cycle
• It describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and
biosphere.
• A slow cycle compared to other biogeochemical cycle.
 sulphur cycle
• Collection by which sulphur moves between rocks, waterways, and living systems.
• Sulphur is an essential element, being a constituent of many proteins and cofactors, and
sulphur compounds can be used as oxidants or reductants in microbial respiration.
Human and water cycle
We disturb the water cycle by:
• Hydroelectricity
 Affects the function of river
• Irrigation
 It removes water from its natural source
• Deforestation
 less water to be evaporated
• Greenhouse effect
 Affect the overall increase of the Earth’s
temperature.
Human and carbon cycle
We disturb the carbon cycle by:
• Burning fossil fuels
• Clearing vegetation faster than it is
replaced.

Extra carbon dioxide is lowering the ocean’s

pH (ocean acidification).
• Interferes the ability of marine organisms
to build their shells and skeletons
Human and nitrogen
cycle
We alter the nitrogen cycle by:
• Adding gases that contributes to acid rain
• Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere
 Through farming practices
• Contaminating ground water
 Inorganic fertilizers
• Releasing nitrogen into the troposphere
 Through deforestation
Humans and Phosphorus
cycle
We alter the phosphorus cycle by:
• Removing large amounts of phosphate
from the Earth.
 To make fertilizer
• Reducing phosphorus in tropical soils.
 By clearing forests
• Adding excess phosphates to aquatic
systems.
 From runoff of animal wastes and
fertilizers
 Man-made sources of SO2
<1%
miscellaneous
Human and sulphur cycle
6%
Transportation We alter the sulphur cycle by:
• Burning coil and oil
25%
 Produces sulphuric acid
Buildings & Industry • Refining sulphur containing petroleum
69% • Mining and converting sulphur-containing
Electricity
metallic ores
 Copper, lead, and zinc
Thank you
 CREDITS
• Slides by: Slidesgo
• Presentation by: Nur Iman Najihah Binti Muhizan
• Guided by: Mr Mohd Shahmen Mohd Yazam
 resources
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 Resources
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https://www.britannica.com/science/phosphorus-cycle
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• carbon cycle | Definition, Steps, Importance, Diagram, & Facts | Britannica. (2021).
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