VI.

DIETARY MANAGEMENT OF
SOME COMMON MEDICAL
CONDITIONS
 NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR
GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
 Gastrointestinal disease

– is any health problem that affects the GI tract

from the mouth to the anus
- conditions may range from mild to serious.
 Signs and symptoms of Gastrointestinal
diseases
• Bleeding, bloating
• Abdominal pain
• Constipation, diarrhea
• Heartburn
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weight gain or loss
 Gastrointestinal Diet
• A GI soft diet is prescribed by your healthcare
provider to allow your intestines (bowels) to
heal.
• Bowels may need it before a procedure, after
surgery, or because of a medical condition.
• The food in a GI soft diet keeps your bowels
from working too hard.
 Foods Good for Digestion

• Unsaturated fats
• Whole grains foods
• Vegetables with skin
• Fruits and green leafy vegetables
 Foods to Avoid with Gastrointestinal
problem:
•Spoiled or unwashed foods. Bacteria from old or raw
foods can cause food poisoning, cramps, or other
issues if it gets into your system.
•Spicy and hot foods. Foods with a bit of a kick can
trigger problems like heartburn.
•Dairy products.
•Acidic foods.
•Alcohol.
COMMON GASTOINTESTINAL
PROBLEMS
Diarrhea – frequent loose and watery bowel
movements.

Signs and Symptoms

• Frequent loose, watery stools
• Abdominal cramps
• Abdominal pain
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
 Foods recommended
BRAT diet – Banana, Rice, Applesauce and Toast
• Plenty of clear fluid – fruit juices, soda, sports
drinks and clear broth
• Avoid milk or milk based products, alcohol and
caffeine
• Avoid foods that are greasy, spicy or high in fat and
sugar
• Eat saltine crackers
 Foods to avoid
• Milk and dairy products
• Fried, fatty greasy foods
• Spicy foods
• Processed foods especially those with additives
• Pork, sardines
• Raw vegetables
• All citrus fruits
• Coffee soda and other carbonated drinks
Constipation – when bowel movement become
less frequent and stools become difficult to pass.
Signs and Symptoms
• Fewer than 3 bowels a week
• Stools are dry, hard and lumpy
• Difficult and painful to pass
• Stomach ache and cramps
• Feel bloated and nauseous
• Feeling of not completely emptied after a
movement
 Home remedies

• Drink more water

• Increase dietary fiber
• Exercise more
• Drink coffee especially caffeinated coffee
• Eat probiotic foods or supplements
 Foods to avoid
• Alcohol
• Gluten
• Processed grains
• Milk and milk products
• Red meat
• Fried or fast foods
Gastritis - inflammation of the stomach
lining.
Signs and symptoms of Gastritis
• Stomach upset or pain
• Belching and hiccups
• Nausea and vomiting
• Feeling of fullness or burning
• Loss of appetite
• Blood in the stool
Foods and drinks help ease symptoms of gastritis:
• high-fiber foods, such as whole grains, fruits,
vegetables, and beans
• low-fat foods, such as fish, lean meats, and
vegetables
• foods with low acidity, including vegetables and
beans
• non-carbonated drinks
• caffeine-free drinks
 Foods to avoid:
• alcohol
• coffee
• acidic foods, such as tomatoes and some
fruits and fruit juices
• fatty foods
• fried foods
• carbonated drinks
• spicy foods
Gastroenteritis –is a short term illness
triggered by the infection and inflammation of
digestive system.
Signs and symptoms
• Loss of appetite
• Bloating
• Nausea and vomiting
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• diarrhea
 Food recommended
• Bland diet – soda crackers, toast, gelatin,
banana, applesauce, rice and chicken
• low fat meat and fish
• Cooked vegetables
• Sugar free cereals
• Eggs
• Pasta
 Food to avoid
• Fruit juices high in sugar
• Sports drinks
• Carbonated drinks and caffeinated drinks
• Fried foods
• Dried fruits
• Sweet cereals
• Very spicy foods
• Candy and chocolates
Peptic ulcer disease- a condition in
which painful sores or ulcers develop in the
lining of the stomach or the first part of the
small intestine (the duodenum). 
Types of Peptic ulcer
• Gastric
• Duodenal
 Signs and Symptoms of Peptic ulcer
• Gnawing or burning pain in your middle or upper
stomach between meals or at night
• Bloating, heartburn
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weight loss, loss of appetite
• Indigestion
• A sick feeling
 Foods recommended:
• Low fat milk, yogurt, and low-fat cheeses
• vegetable oils and olive oil
• some fruits, including apples, melons, and bananas
• some vegetables, including leafy greens, carrots,
spinach, and zucchini
• lentils, chickpeas, and soybeans
• lean meats
• natural juices, cranberry extracts
 Foods to avoid
•fried foods
•spicy peppers
•whole milk
•chocolate, chocolate milk, hot cocoa
•caffeinated drinks
•mustard grains
•orange and grapefruit juice
•drinks with alcohol
Irritable bowel syndrome - is a
common disorder that affects the large
intestine.
Signs and symptoms
• cramping and abdominal pain
• bloating, gas
• diarrhea or constipation, or both.
 Recommendation:
• Good sources include whole-grain bread and
cereals, beans, fruits, and vegetables.
• Eat a moderate amount of foods that are
higher in the sugar substitute sorbitol, such
as dried plums and prune juice.
• Drink plenty of plain water every day
• Gluten free diet
 Recommended foods:
• Whole grain bread and cereals
• Oat bran
• Fruits – banana, berries, pears, kiwifruits, figs
• Vegetables – carrots, celery, eggplant, spinach
• Dried fruits
• Prune juice
• Lactose free dairy products
• All meat, chicken and fish
 Food to avoid:
• High fiber products
• Gas- producing foods
• Fried foods
• Beans and legumes
• Caffeinated drinks, alcohol
• Chocolates
• Gluten – a protein found in wheat, barley, rye and
many processed food
Avoiding some of the most common triggers —
including dairy, alcohol, and fried foods.

Results in:
• More regular bowel movements
• Fewer cramps
• Less bloating
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR
DISEASES OF THE LIVER,
GALLBLADDER AND
PANCREAS
FATTY LIVER DISEASE - a common
condition caused by the storage of extra fat in the
liver.

2 Types of Fatty liver disease

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

• Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)
 Signs and symptoms:
• Abdominal pain or a feeling of fullness in the upper
right side of the abdomen (belly).
• Nausea, loss of appetite or weight loss.
• Yellowish skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice).
• Swollen abdomen and legs (edema).
• Extreme tiredness or mental confusion.
• Weakness.
 Diet for fatty liver disease includes:

• Lots of fruits and vegetables

• High-fiber plants like legumes and whole
grains
• Very little added sugar, salt, trans fat, refined
carbohydrates, and saturated fat
• No alcohol
 Foods to avoid if you have a fatty liver
• Alcohol. Alcohol is a major cause of fatty liver
disease as well as other liver diseases.
• Added sugar. Stay away from sugary foods such
as candy, cookies, sodas, and fruit juices.
• Fried foods. These are high in fat and calories.
• Salt.
• White bread, rice, and pasta.
• Red meat.
 PREVENTION
• Choose a healthy diet. 
Choose a healthy plant-based diet that's rich in fruits,
vegetables, whole grains and healthy fats.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
 If you are overweight or obese, reduce the number of
calories you eat each day and get more exercise. If you
have a healthy weight, work to maintain it by choosing a
healthy diet and exercising.
• Exercise.
 Exercise most days of the week. Get an OK
from your doctor first if you haven't been
exercising regularly.
HEPATITIS - inflammation of the liver.

- when the liver is inflamed or damaged, its

function can be affected.
- heavy alcohol use, toxins, some medications,
and certain medical conditions can cause
hepatitis.
 TYPES OF HEPATITIS

• Hepatitis A – highly contagious short –term liver

infection, from contaminated food and water.
Hepatitis A virus is found in human feces.
• Hepatitis B – sexually transmitted disease, from
infected person’s blood and body fluids.
• Hepatitis C – usually only spreads through blood to
blood contact.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEPATITIS
• muscle and joint pain.
• a high temperature.
• feeling and being sick.
• feeling unusually tired all the time.
• a general sense of feeling unwell.
• loss of appetite.
• tummy pain and itchy skin.
• dark urine, pale or grey colored stool.
• jaundice
 Diet should include:
• Plenty of fruits and vegetables.
• Whole grains such as oats, brown rice, barley
• Lean protein such as fish, skinless chicken,
egg whites, and beans.
• Low-fat or non-fat dairy products.
• Healthy fats like those in nuts, avocados, and
olive oil.
.
 Avoid the following:
• Saturated fats found in butter, sour cream,
and other high-fat dairy foods, fatty cuts of
meat, and fried foods.
• Sugary treats like cookies, cake, soda, and
packaged baked goods.
• Foods heavily laced with salt.
CIRRHOSIS - is a late-stage liver disease
in which healthy liver tissue is replaced with scar
tissue and the liver is permanently damaged. 
 LATE SIGNS OF CIRRHOSIS
•yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes
(jaundice)
•vomiting blood.
•itchy skin.
•dark pee and tarry-looking poo.
•bleeding or bruising easily.
•swollen legs (edema) or tummy (ascites) from a
build-up of fluid.
•loss of sex drive (libido)
 Cirrhosis Diet Guidelines:

• Avoid alcohol
• Limit fats
• Avoiding raw or undercooked meat/seafood
 Dietary Recommendations:
• Provide high calorie and high carbohydrate
diet which contain 1260-1400 Joules/ kg/day
• Sodium and water is restricted only in the
presence of ascites and edema
• Inclusion of frequent small meals with evening
carbohydrate snack meals
• Supplementation of vitamins and minerals.
CHOLECYSTITIS - inflammation of the gallbladder.
Signs and symptoms
• a high temperature (fever)
• feeling sick.
• being sick.
• sweating.
• loss of appetite.
• yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes
(jaundice)
• a bulge in the tummy.
 Diet recommended:
• Eat whole grain cereals, whole grain breads,
whole grain crackers, brown rice, or whole grain
pasta.
• Avoid high-fat foods and high-fat breads.
Fried food - fatty cuts of meat, whole-milk dairy
products and foods that are highly processed
• Very low-calorie diets:
- this generally means eating less than 1,000
calories a day. These diets can increase
gallstone formation.
GALLSTONES (Cholelithiasis)
- are stone-like objects that develop in the
gallbladder or bile ducts.
- when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens
into stone-like material.
- too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin
(bile pigment) can cause gallstones.
One of those mnemonics was the 5 F's, a list of
risk factors for the development of gallstone
disease:
“Female, Fertile, Fat, Fair, and Forty”
 Signs and symptoms 
• Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the upper
right portion of your abdomen.
• Sudden and rapidly intensifying pain in the center of
your abdomen, just below your breastbone.
• Back pain between your shoulder blades.
• Pain in your right shoulder.
• Nausea or vomiting.
 Foods to eat for Gallstones:
• Fruits and vegetables
Foods that are high in fiber, Vitamin C, calcium, or
B vitamins are essential to a healthy gallbladder. 
• Fiber 
- is known for promoting digestive health.
- it may also help the movement of food through the gut
and lower the production of bile, which can reduce
the risk of developing gallbladder disease. 
• Low-fat dairy 
- Reducing fat can also help prevent
gallstones.
-Low-fat dairy, like milk or cheese, can help
reduce the amount of fat in the diet. 
• Lean protein
- red meat and dairy are good sources of
protein, they can also be high in fat, which
puts stress on the gallbladder. 
Foods to avoid if you have been diagnosed
with gallstones include:
•  Fatty foods such as:
- Fried foods (fried chicken, French fries, potato
chips)
• High fat dairy products (milk, butter, cheese,
ice cream)
• Fatty meats (beef, pork)
PANCREATITIS – inflammation of the
pancreas.
Signs and symptoms
• Moderate to severe upper abdominal pain that may
spread to your back.
• Pain that comes on suddenly or builds up over a few
days.
• Pain that worsens when eating.
• Swollen, tender abdomen.
• Nausea and vomiting.
 The best food choices for those suffering
from chronic pancreatitis are:
•  fruits
• vegetables
• whole grains, legumes
• nonfat/low fat dairy
• lean cuts of meat.
 Foods to limit include:
• red meat
• organ meats
• fried foods
• fries and potato chips
• mayonnaise
• margarine and butter
• full-fat dairy
• pastries and desserts with added sugars
• beverages with added sugars
 Tips for Pancreatitis
• Eat 6 to 8 small meals a day.
• Add 1 to 2 tablespoons of MCTs ( Medium Chain
Triglycerides) to your daily diet
• Take a multivitamin to replenish vitamins A, D, E, K,
B12, zinc and folic acid.
• Limit total  fat intake to less than 30 grams per day.
• Eliminate saturated  fats.
• Avoid alcohol.
Pancreatic cancer
- is a disease in which malignant
(cancerous) cells form in the tissues of the
pancreas.
 Signs and symptoms
• Abdominal pain that radiates to your back
• Loss of appetite or unintended weight loss
• Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your
eyes (jaundice)
• Light-colored stools
• Dark-colored urine
• Itchy skin
 Foods Recommended

• Healthy fats, such as olive oil, avocados, nuts,

and seeds.
• Avoid greasy, fried, and heavy foods.
• Plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
• Limit raw fruits and vegetables 
 What foods should be avoided with
pancreatic cancer?

• Processed, red meats

• Sugary drinks 
• Highly processed foods.
DIABETES - a disease that occurs when your
blood glucose, is too high.

Types of Diabetes
• Type 1- body's failure to produce insulin
• Type 2- body becomes resistant to insulin 
 Classic SYMPTOMS
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Unexplained weight loss
DIABETIC DIET - simply means eating the
healthiest foods in moderate amounts and
sticking to regular mealtimes.
• is a healthy-eating plan that's naturally rich in
nutrients and low in fat and calories.
• Key elements are fruits, vegetables and
whole grains.
 Best Foods to Control Diabetes
1.Fatty Fish. Some people consider fatty fish to be
one of the healthiest foods
2.Leafy Greens
3.Avocados
4.Eggs
5.Chia Seeds
6.Beans
7.Greek Yogurt
8.Nuts
 FOODS TO AVOID
•Sugar-sweetened beverages. Sugary beverages are
the worst drink choice for someone with diabetes.
•Trans fats. Artificial trans fats are extremely unhealthy
•White bread, rice, and pasta
•Fruit-flavored yogurt
•Sweetened breakfast cereals
•Flavored coffee drinks
•Honey, agave nectar, and maple syrup
•Dried fruit.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY
FOR CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES
 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
- are a group of disorders of the heart and
blood vessels.
- are conditions that affect the structures or
function of your heart.
 Signs and symptoms
• Chest tightness or pressure.
• Difficulty catching your breath.
• Dizziness or fainting.
• Fatigue.
• Fluid build up.
• Heart palpitations (heart pounding or racing).
• Pain or numbness in your legs or arms.
• Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.
 A heart-healthy diet consists of:
• lots of fruits and vegetables.
• lean meats.
• skinless poultry.
• nuts, beans, and legumes.
• fish.
• whole grains.
• plant-based oils, such as olive oil.
• low-fat dairy products.
 Foods That Are Bad for Your Heart
• Sugar, Salt, Fat.
• Bacon
• Red Meat
• Soda
• Baked Goods
• Processed Meats
• White Rice, Bread, and Pasta
• Pizza
Congestive heart failure –
- occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump
blood as well as it should.
- when this happens, blood often backs up and
fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness
in breathing.
 Signs and symptoms
• Shortness of breathing with activity or when lying
down
• Fatigue and weakness
• Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Reduced ability to exercise
• Very rapid weight gain from fluid buildup
 PREVENTION
•Not smoking
•Controlling certain conditions, such as high blood
pressure and diabetes
•Staying physically active
•Eating healthy foods
•Maintaining a healthy weight
•Reducing and managing stress
 Food Recommendation
• Choose foods that are low in salt, such as fresh meats,
poultry, fish, dry and fresh legumes, eggs, milk and
yogurt.
• Plain rice, pasta and oatmeal are good low-sodium
choices.
• Sodium content can increase if salt or other high-
sodium ingredients are added during their preparation.
 Food to avoid
• Avoid cured and processed meats, which are
high in sodium.
• Burgers and steaks, even unseasoned, they're
high in the types of fat that can lead to clogged
arteries.
• Instead, aim to eat more fish than red meat,
especially salmon, tuna, trout, and cod.
Coronary artery disease (narrowing of the
arteries)
- occurs when your heart’s major blood vessels
become damaged or diseased.
- these blood vessels or arteries narrow or harden
due to a buildup of plaque, a type of fatty deposit.
(Atherosclerosis)
 Signs and symptoms
• tightness, burning, or heaviness around the chest.
• sweating
• cramping
• nausea
• shortness of breath
 Food recommendations

• Fresh fruits and vegetables

Increasing your intake of plant-based foods can
improve heart disease and help prevent a heart
attack and sudden cardiac arrest.
Whole grains
-Eating whole grains can also contribute to heart health
and reduce the negative impacts of coronary heart
disease.
-Like fruits and vegetables, whole grains are nutrient-
dense and an excellent source of fiber. They can help
regulate your cholesterol level and blood pressure.
Healthy fats
- not all fat is bad.
- eating healthy fats in moderation can be good for
heart health.
- healthy fats can lower cholesterol and protect
against heart attacks and stroke.
Lean protein
- eating protein also contributes to your overall
health.
- be selective and choose proteins that are low in
fat.
 Foods to avoid
• High-fat and high-sodium foods.
Butter, gravy
non-dairy creamers
fried foods, pastries
processed meat, certain cuts of meat
• Junk foods
potato chips, cookies, pies, and ice cream
• High in sodium
Other high-sodium foods to avoid include:
- mayonnaise and ketchup
- table salt
- packaged meals
- restaurant menu items
CVA (STROKE) - sudden death of brain cells
due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of
blood flow or rupture of an artery to the brain.
• occurs when the blood supply to part of your
brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing
brain tissue from getting oxygen and
nutrients.
 SIGNS ANS SYMPTOMS
• difficulty walking.
• dizziness.
• loss of balance and coordination.
• difficulty speaking or understanding others who
are speaking.
• numbness or paralysis in the face, leg, or arm,
most likely on just one side of the body.
• blurred or darkened vision.
 Tips for what to eat and what to avoid to help
you recover from a stroke.

•Eat Whole, Mostly Plant-Based Foods and Lots of

Veggies.
•Avoid Processed Foods, Salt, and Sugar.
•Eat More Legumes.
•Eat Fish and Poultry Instead of Red Meat.
•Avoid Saturated Fat and Snack on Seeds and Nuts.
• Foods high in potassium, such as sweet and
white potatoes, bananas, tomatoes, prunes,
melon and soybeans - can help you maintain a
healthy blood pressure — the leading risk
factor of stroke.
• Magnesium-rich foods, such as spinach, are
also linked to a lower risk of stroke.
Coronary heart disease – is the term that
describes when your heart's blood supply is
blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty
substances in the coronary arteries.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Angina
• Chest pain and discomfort
 FOOD RECOMMENDED
• Fresh fruits and vegetables
Increasing your intake of plant-based foods can
improve heart disease and help prevent a heart attack
and sudden cardiac arrest.
• Whole grains
Eating whole grains can also contribute to heart
health and reduce the negative impacts of coronary
heart disease.
Good choices include:
•100 percent whole-grain breads
•high-fiber cereals
•brown rice
•whole-grain pasta
•oatmeal
Healthy fats
• Eating healthy fats in moderation can be good
for heart health.
• Healthy fats can lower cholesterol and protect
against heart attacks and stroke.
Monosaturated fats & polyunsaturated fats.
•olive oil
•canola oil
•flaxseed
•avocados
•nuts and seeds
•cholesterol-lowering margarine
Lean protein
• Healthy options include types of fish that are
rich in omega-3 fatty acids - which help lower
cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
• This includes salmon, herring, and other cold
water fish.
 Other healthy sources of protein include:
•peas and lentils
•eggs
•soy beans
•lean ground meats
•skinless poultry
High-fat foods to avoid include:
•butter
•gravy
•non-dairy creamers
•fried foods
•processed meats
•pastries
•certain cuts of meat
•junk foods, like potato chips, cookies, pies, and ice
cream
High-sodium foods to avoid include:
•condiments like mayonnaise and ketchup
•table salt
•packaged meals
•restaurant menu items
 Tips for eating healthy with coronary heart
disease
• Keep fruit and vegetables readily available. 
Keep fresh fruits and vegetables ready for
consumption in your fridge.
• Reduce food portions. 
Reducing your food portions can help you
consume fewer calories, fat, and sodium.
• Cook with herbs.
 Instead of seasoning your food with table salt,
experiment with different types of herbs, spices,
and salt-free seasoning blends. When buying
canned goods and condiments, look for low-salt or
reduced salt alternatives.
• Read food labels. 
Get into a routine of reading food labels to avoid
consuming too much fat and sodium.
NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR
KIDNEY DISEASES
 Signs and symptoms of kidney disease
• More tired and have less energy
• Trouble in concentrating and sleeping
• Dry and itchy skin
• Need to urinate more often
• Blood in the urine
• Urine is foamy
• Persistent puffiness around the eyes
• Poor appetite
• Muscle cramping
 RENAL DIET

• A diet low in sodium, phosphorous and

protein.
• Consuming high quality protein and usually
limiting fluids.
• Some may also need to limit potassium
and calcium
Restricted Nutrients in Kidney diseases

Sodium 
Damaged kidneys can’t filter out
excess sodium, causing its blood levels to rise.
It’s often recommended to
limit sodium to less than 2,000 mg per day
 Potassium

 Plays many critical

roles in the body, but those with kidney
disease need to limit potassium
to avoid dangerously high blood levels.
It’s usually recommended to limit
potassium to less than 2,000 mg per day.
 Phosphorus

 Damaged kidneys can’t

remove excess phosphorus.
High levels can cause
damage to the body, so dietary phosphorus is
restricted to less than
800 –1,000 mg per day in most patients.  
 Protein
is another nutrient that people with kidney
disease may need to limit, as damaged
kidneys can’t clear out waste products from
protein metabolism.
 
Urinary tract infections (UTI) - is
an infection in any part of your urinary
system — your kidneys, ureters,
bladder and urethra.
 Symptoms
• Pain or burning while urinating.
• Frequent urination.
• Feeling the need to urinate despite having an
empty bladder.
• Bloody urine.
• Pressure or cramping in the groin or lower
abdomen.
 Foods to Eat for a UTI:
• Berries - it’s believed that eating
cranberries, blueberries, and raspberries can
help fight off a UTI.
- They contain proanthocyanidin, which has
been shown to prevent infection-causing
bacteria from adhering to the lining of the
urinary tract.
• Probiotic-rich foods. 
- Try incorporating foods like plain Greek
yogurt, and pickles into your diet, since they
contain good bacteria that can help combat
an infection.
• High-fiber foods. 
- Foods that are high in fiber—such as
bananas, beans, lentils, nuts, oats, and other
whole grains—can help remove harmful
bacteria from your body.
- They also encourage regular bowel
movements, which can help relieve some
bladder pressure.
• Salmon. 
- Cold-water fish contain omega-3 fatty
acids, which can help reduce inflammation
caused by a UTI.
- Fish oil supplements are another great
alternative for individuals who don’t eat fish;
always consult your doctor before adding
any supplements to your diet.
• Oranges, dark chocolate, unsweetened
probiotic, yogurt, tomatoes, broccoli and
spinach.
• Smart drink choices are decaf coffee;
cranberry, blueberry, or pomegranate juices;
black and green tea.
• Plenty of water is also essential when
fighting off a UTI.
 FOODS TO AVOID:
• Carbohydrates
• Soda
• Alcohol (beer, wine, and liquor)
• Artificial sweeteners
• Spicy foods. Certain spicy foods can irritate the
bladder.
Instead, try sticking to a bland diet—like the “BRAT”
diet—when you have a UTI.  
• Citrus. Vitamin C, highly acidic fruits like
oranges, lemons, limes, and grapefruits can
irritate your bladder and aggravate UTI
symptoms.
• Caffeinated drinks. It’s important to stay
hydrated when you have a UTI, but stay away
from coffee and other caffeinated beverages.
When in doubt, choose water!
Nephrolithiasis - kidney stones ( renal calculi)

Signs and symptoms

• Severe pain on either side of the lower back
• Stomach ache
• Blood in urine
• Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy
• Nausea and vomiting
• Fever and chills
 Diet recommendations
• Drink plenty of water
• Limit foods with high oxalate contents
• Eat enough dietary calcium
• Avoid extra calcium supplements
• Eat a moderate amount of protein
• Avoid high salt intake
• Avoid high doses of vitamin c supplements
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- is a long-term condition where the kidneys
don't work as well as they should.
- It's a common condition often associated with
getting older.
 Symptoms of stage 1 kidney disease

• High blood pressure.

• Swelling in legs.
• Urinary tract infections.
• Abnormal urine test (protein in urine)
 DIET FOR CKD
• A high-protein diet with fish, poultry, pork, or
eggs at every meal may be recommended.
• If you have kidney disease, don't get more than
15%-20% of your calories from protein; too much
can put stress on your kidneys.
• People on dialysis should eat 8 to 10 ounces (225
to 280 grams) of high-protein foods each day.
 Good foods that help repair your kidneys
include apples, blueberries, fish, kale, spinach and
sweet potatoes.
 FOODS TO AVOID:
• Processed meats like ham, bacon, sausage
and lunch meats.
• Munch on fresh fruits and vegetables rather
than crackers or other salty snacks.
• Avoid canned soups and frozen dinners that
are high in sodium.
• Avoid pickled foods, like olives and pickles.
 Diet and Nutrition Goals for People with
Chronic Kidney Disease

1. Count your calories.

- Adequate calories can either prevent weight
loss if you’re at a desirable weight or provide
extra calories if you are underweight.
- Weigh yourself often and keep track to see if
you need additional or fewer calories.
2. Eat the right kinds of fats.
- If you have cardiovascular disease or your
blood cholesterol is high, unhealthy fats—such
as saturated fats and trans-fats—should be
replaced by poly- and monounsaturated fats
from vegetable oil, canola oil and olive oil.
- A limit on high cholesterol foods is
recommended.
3. Watch for symptoms of fluid retention.
- Fluid is not restricted in stage 3 CKD unless
you experience fluid retention.
- Sudden weight gain, shortness of breath,
swelling in the feet, hands and face and high
blood pressure are signs of fluid retention.
- These symptoms may indicate a decline in
kidney function and decreased urine output.
4. Reduce your phosphorus intake.
- A diet with no more than 800 mg
of phosphorus can help reduce the risk of too
much phosphorus building up in your blood. 
- Limit intake of foods with high levels of
phosphate or phosphate additives such as organ
meats, whole grain breads, processed foods,
cola beverages, cheese, dried beans, liver,
peanut butter, dairy products and chocolate.
5. Monitor your potassium levels.
- Usually, potassium is not restricted in stage 3
CKD unless lab tests show potassium is too
high.
- Reduce an elevated potassium level by limiting
some high-potassium foods and potassium
chloride (found in salt substitute and many low-
sodium processed foods), such as avocado,
bananas, cantaloupe, honeydew, legumes,
6. Know your recommended daily intake of
protein.
- The recommendation for protein intake in
stage 3 is 0.8 g/kg body weight,
- It’s important to make sure your protein intake
comes from high-quality sources such as egg
whites, fish, poultry, meat, soy and small of
amounts of dairy.
7. Decrease your sodium intake.
- Limiting salt and high-sodium foods reduces
hypertension, assists blood pressure
medications to work more effectively and
treats fluid retention.
- The sodium recommendation for stage 3
CKD is 1,000 to 4,000 mg/day.
 NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY
SYNDROME
 

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

(AIDS) - is chronic, potentially life-threatening
condition caused by the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- By damaging your immune system, HIV
interferes with your body's ability to fight infection
and disease.
   Signs and symptoms
• Rapid weight loss
• Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• Extreme and unexplained tiredness
• Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands
• Diarrhea that last for more than a week
• Sores of the mouth, anus or genetals
• pneumonia
 The Basic Principles of Nutrition and HIV
• Eating a diet high in vegetables, fruits,
whole grains, and legumes.
• Choosing lean, low-fat sources of protein.
• Limiting sweets, soft drinks, and foods with
added sugar.
• Including proteins, carbohydrates, and a
little good fat in all meals and snacks.
• Vitamins and minerals regulate your body's
processes.
- People who are HIV-positive need extra vitamins
and minerals to help repair and heal damaged cells.
- Eat foods high in these vitamins and minerals,
which can help boost your immune system.
• Protein helps build muscles, organs, and a
strong immune system. 

- Aim for 100-150 grams a day, if you are an

HIV-positive man.
- Aim for 80-100 grams a day, if you are an
HIV-positive woman.
• Fat provides extra energy.
- Get 30% of your daily calories from fat.
- Get 10% or more of your daily calories from
monounsaturated fats.
• Carbohydrates gives energy.
- Eat five to six servings (about 3 cups) of 
fruits and vegetables each day.
- Limit simple sugars, such as candy, cake,
cookies, or ice cream.
- Choose legumes and whole grains, such as
brown rice and quinoa.
 Don't eat or drink the following foods:
• Raw eggs or foods that contain raw eggs,
for example, homemade cookie dough.
• Raw or undercooked poultry, meat, and
seafood.
• Unpasteurized milk or dairy products and fruit
juices.