Chapter 3: Differentiation

SECTION: 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8

TEXT BOOK: THOMAS’ CALCULUS (11 TH ED)
Chain Rule and Parametric
Equations

SECTION 3.5
 Derivative of Composite Function

 is differentiable at and is differentiable at , then the

If
composition is differentiable at . Moreover, if

Then and

OR

Derivative
of inside
Derivative of outside function function
 Example

Differentiate
 
Solution:
 Parametric Equations

 and are given as functions

If

Over an interval of t-values, then the set of points defined

by these equations is a Parametric Curve. The equations
are parametric equations for the curve.
Derivative/Slope of Parametric Curves:
A parametric curve is differentiable at if and are
differentiable at . Then
 Example

  parametric equations for a curve are given by

The

Find the line tangent to the curve at .

Solution:

At ,
Equation
  of tangent line is
 Exercise 3.5

Q1 to Q66, Q87 to Q104

Implicit Differentiation

SECTION 3.6
 Explicit Functions

   one variable is described as function of other variable then is

If
said to be described explicitly, i.e;

For example
1.
2.
3.
 Implicit Functions

   is not expressed as function of other variable then is said to

If
be described implicitly, then equation of curve is represented by

For example

Here can be written explicitly as

 Implicit Differentiation

  in some cases, can not be written explicitly as a

But
function of .
For example

To differentiate such equations we use Implicit

Differentiation.
 Guidlines for Implicit Differentiation
In  order to differentiate the functions defined implicitly

by the equationF, we follow the steps:
1. Differentiate both sides of the equation w.r.t
(independent variable), treating (dependent variable)
as a differentiable function of .
2. Collect the terms with on one side of the equation.
3. Solve the equation obtained in step 2 to find
expression for .
 Example 1

 
Find if
Solution:
Differentiating bot sides w.r.t ,
 Example 2

 
Consider the curve

a) Find
b) Find equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the
point .
c) At what point(s) in the first quadrant is the tangent to the curve
horizontal?
 Example 2: Solution

a)   Differentiate both sides w.r.t



b) Slope of tangent at is
 Example 2: Solution

 
Equation of tangent line is

Equation of normal line is

 Example 2: Solution(c)

 
Tangent to the curve is horizontal at the points where

Putting in the given equation,

Thus we get two points and .

 Example 2: Solution(c)

Tangent
  is horizontal where

At

Therefore at tangent is not horizontal.

At

Therefore at tangent is horizontal.

 Logarithmic Differentiation
  use Logarithm to differentiate the problems involving
We
1. Complicated quotients and products
2. Variable powers of the functions.
Steps to follow:
3. Take natural logarithm on both sides.
4. Using logarithmic properties, write quotients, products
and powers as differences, sums and scalar multiples of
logarithmic functions.
5. Differentiate both sides using Implicit differentiation.
6. Solve for
 Example 1

 
Find if
Solution:
Taking natural logarithm on both sides,

Using
 Example 1

 
Using

Using ,

Differentiating w.r.t ,
 
 Example 2

 
Find if
Solution:
Taking natural logarithm on both sides,

Using ,

Differentiating w.r.t ,
 Exercise 3.6

Q1 to Q74