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G 6 - Sci - Unit 2 3
G 6 - Sci - Unit 2 3
Learn and let others learn!! Help your teacher teach you better!!
Table showing properties of the three states of matter.
”
Particle theory
When an idea has been tested and widely accepted
as valid by other scientists, it is called a theory
Theory
A suggestion for an explanation. This is yet to be
tested carrying out more investigations.
What is that suggestion called as?
Hypothesis
Scientists think about how various phenomenon or
things happen and try to come up with ideas to
explain it.
https://rockwellinternationalschool-
my.sharepoint.com/:v:/p/sribindum/ERFKzJOfPQdIikwukNuCsP0B9Z-
WEItsX0HMJZ3ISHdBZg?e=GU6NeP
Particles
Atoms and molecules
Particle theory
Particles are so tiny that they cannot be seen with the naked
eye
Why do different
states of matter
show difference in
their properties?
Forces of attraction
Distance between particles
arrangement
Movement
Energy
Particles in three states of matter
Forces of attraction
between particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Particles in three states of matter
Distance between
particles
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Particles in three states of matter
Movement
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Particles in three states of matter
Arrangement
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Arrangement of particles in 3 states of matter –
video link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwGim-eceS8
Particles in three states of matter
Forces of attraction Distance between Arrangement Movement
between particles particles
Solid Strong forces hold the particles are close Particles are arranged Particles vibrate to and
particles in a solid together in an orderly manner. fro in a fixed position
together
Liquid The forces of Particles are close Particles are randomly Particles slide over
attraction between together but not as arranged each other
particles of a liquid are close as in solids.
weaker than solids
Gas The forces of Particles are far apart Particles are randomly Particles move
attraction between the from each other. arranged randomly in all
particles in a gas are directions. They hit
very weak each other, bounce and
change direction.
Arrangement of particles in the three states of
matter
Solids have
Strong forces hold the particles in a solid together
particles are close together
Particles are arranged in an orderly manner.
Particles vibrate to and fro in a fixed position
Liquid The forces of attraction Particles are close Particles are Particles slide Takes the shape of
between particles of a together but not randomly over each other container
liquid are weaker than as close as in arranged Fixed volume
solids solids. Can flow
Cannot be compressed
Gas The forces of attraction Particles are far Particles are Particles move Takes shape of container
between the particles in apart from each randomly randomly in all No fixed volume
a gas are very weak other. arranged directions. They Can flow
hit each other, Can be compressed
bounce and
change direction.
What is phase change/change of state?
v v
Phase change is brought about by
Heating or cooling
Source of energy
Heat source
Surrounding
During a phase change the atom or the molecule
with which the substance is made will not change
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-bas
ics_en.html
The temperature at which the
phase change happens
Melting point/boiling point ……
Answer questions using appropriate key word
Solid to liquid
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/50e52977-2389-4f4d-b932-385f4d177ba2
https://javalab.org/en/status_change_of_water_en/
Why does the temperature remain constant during the phase
change?
Scale taken properly ----same pattern should repeat in taking the scale
Some times graph will be given to you and you will be asked to draw a table from the graph
Graph will be given : for value on x axis what is the value on y axis or vice a versa
extending graph: extend graph and find the answer for x or y beyond the scope of experiment
Graph 1 (c.w)The table shows how the
temperature of a solid changed as it was heated.
Time/ mins 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50 55 57 59 60 60
/ oC
BOILING EVAPORATION
Fast Slow
Bubbles are formed No bubbles formed
Takes place only from the exposed surface
Occurs throughout the liquid
of the liquid
Source of energy needed Energy supplied by surroundings
https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/f1e11102-0711-4d97-9e4
b-2b7da9c910e6
Democritus (460-370 BCE) – gave the concept
of atom – which means indivisible
Today we not only know that every
thing is made of atoms but also large
kinds of atom, using special
microscopes called scanning
tunnelling microscopes.
The photograph shows the atoms in
some carbon nanotubes.
Element
Element Atom
A substance made of just one kind of atom is called an element. For
example,
carbon is made only of carbon atoms.
Gold is made only of gold atoms.
Silver is made only of silver atoms.
Carbon, gold and silver are examples of elements
Element – how substances are made with
elements – video link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1IBnH4y6-M
● Each compound has a chemical name. The chemical name usually tells
you the elements that the compound is made from.
● There are important rules to remember when naming compounds.
• If the compound contains a metal, then the name of the metal comes
first in the name of the compound.
• If the compound contains a non-metal, the name of the non-metal is
usually changed. For example, the compound made from sodium (a metal)
and chlorine (a non-metal) is not sodium chlorine, but sodium chloride.
• When two elements form a compound the name often ends in ‘ide’.
Examples
Non-metal Compound
sodium Chlorine
hydrogen Sulfur
Calcium Oxygen
Magnesium Oxygen
Calcium Sulfur
Calcium Chlorine
Iron Sulfur
Compounds with metal and non-metal atom
and oxygen atoms bonded together
● Some compounds contains metal and non-metal
atom and oxygen atoms bonded together.
Pure substance
PURE SUBSTANCE
In science, the word pure is used to describe
something that only contains a single substance.
3) Element + Compound
Mixtures
A combination of two or more pure
substances that are not chemically combined.
substances held together by physical forces,
not chemical
No chemical change takes place
Each item retains its properties in the mixture
They can be separated physically
Chem4kids.com
Iron and sulphur
mixture
Iron sulphide
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ESJn0HEEMLO8nwkD63nZQ?e=REbcnR
compound
Practice on atoms and
elements in the given
examples