Confined Space Presents

1
Confined Space Entry Training Course

Confined Space Situationaire
• “five workers died from toxic Five Die
gas inhalation when they entered
an effluent tank in an industrial
area...”
• “Unconfirmed reports put the
number of people admitted to the
hospital at two.”
• “When it was noticed that the
first person who went in failed to
come back, the others followed one
by one but none returned, a visibly
shaken worker said.”
2
Course Objectives
• Identify all hazards associated with confined space

construction activity
• Focusing efforts on critical confined space control measures
• Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
• Eliminate ignorance and complacency
3
Confined Space Defined
An enclosed space that is large enough for a person to

enter and perform work, may have limited or restricted
means for entry or exit and is not designed for continuous
human occupancy.
4
Definition
Designed for Continuous Employee Occupancy
• A space, such as a room in a building, that is specifically designed for
the purpose of accommodating people under normal living or
working condition
• This is specifically intended to rule out rooms that are designed as a
part of a building that may otherwise fit the definition of a confined
space
5
Permit Required Confined Space
A permit required confined space is a confined space as defined

previously plus one of the following:
• contains or has known potential to contain a

hazardous atmosphere
• Contains a material with potential for engulfment
• Is constructed to make it possible to be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging wall or because a
floor slopes downward
and tapers to a smaller cross section
• Contains any recognized, or potentially serious, safety
or health hazard
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Definition
7
Definition
8
Definition
9
Definition
10
Definition
11
Definition
12
Definition
13
Definition
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Sample Hazard Identification
Underground Water Tank Water Pump
Suction Line Discharge Line
Supply Line
Water Level @
10 ft.
15
Sample Hazard Identification
Underground Water Tank
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Hazards in Confined Space
Atmospheric
The quality of air in the
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
Being trapped or buried by
particles such as liquid, sand,
etc.
Other Hazards
Temperature (too hot/cold),
Mechanical, Electrical noise, radiation, insecure footing,
Chemical stagnant, air, poor lighting,
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated presence of animals (snakes,
from other energy sources. rats, etc.)
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Atmospheric Hazards
Atmospheric Hazards – Refers to the gases, vapors, mists,
fumes, and dusts within a confined space that meets any of
the following criteria:
• Oxygen concentration less than 19.5% or greater
than 23.5%;
• Combustible gas concentration less than 10% of the
LEL;
• Toxic air concentration in excess of the
permissible exposure limits as published by OSHA.
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Glossary of Terms
• Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) – The maximum

8- hour time weighted average of any airborne
contaminant to which an employee may be exposed.
It is listed when it is more stringent than the current
TLV (as listed in 29 CFR 1910 Sub Part Z).
19
Glossary of Terms
 STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) – the concentration
to which it is believed that workers can be exposed
continuously for a short period of time or is a 15-minute
TWA exposure which should not be exceeded at
anytime during a workday.
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Glossary of Terms

Ceiling – the concentration that should not be exceeded
during any part of the working exposure.
21
Glossary of Terms

Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health – a
maximum concentration above which only a highly
reliable breathing apparatus providing maximum
worker protection should be permitted.
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Glossary of Terms

LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) – lowest concentration
(air-fuel mixture) at which a gas can ignite.
Concentration lower this limit is too lean to burn.
23
Glossary of Terms

UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) – The highest
concentration that can be ignited. Above this
concentration, the mixture is to rich to burn.
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Atmosphere Explosive Check
% COMBUSTIBLE GAS BY VOLUME:
COMBUSTIBLE GAS LEL,% by vol.

METHANE 5.0 %
PROPANE 2.1 %
PENTANE 1.5 %
GASOLINE 1.4 %
HEXANE 1.1 %
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O2 Sufficient-Deficient Atmosphere

Oxygen Deficiency: POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF OXYGEN-SUFFICIENT AND
DEFICIENT ATMOSPHERES
An atmospheric oxygen Oxygen Content

(% by Volume)
Effects and Symptoms
(At Atmospheric Pressure)
Concentration below >23.5%

20.9%
19.5%
Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazard
Oxygen concentration in normal air
Minimum permissible oxygen level.
19.5 % (oxygen def.), or 15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.

May impair coordination and may induce
early symptoms in persons with coronary,
Above 23.5 % (oxygen

pulmonary, or circulatory problems.
10-12% Respiration further increases in rate
and depth, poor judgement, lips blue.
8-10% Mental failure, fainting, unconsciousness,
Enrichment). ashen face, blueness of lips, nausea, and
vomiting.
6-8% 8 minutes, 100% fatal; 6 minutes, 50%
fatal; 4-5 minutes, recovery with
treatment.
4-6% Coma in 40 seconds, convulsions,
respiration ceases, death.
These values are approximate and vary as to the individual's state of

health and his physical activities.
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Threshold Limit Values

Toxic Gas: An atmospheric concentration of any toxic
gas which is above the OSHA permissible exposure
limit (PEL) as outlined below:
Toxic Gas TWA STEL Ceiling IDLH
Ammonia (NH3 ) 25 ppm 35 ppm -- 500 ppm
Carbon Monoxide
25 ppm -- 200 ppm 1,500 ppm
(CO)
Chlorine (Cl 2 ) 0.5 ppm 1 ppm -- 30 ppm
Hydrogen Cyanide
-- 4.7 ppm -- 50 ppm
(HCN)
Hydrogen sulfide
10 ppm 15 ppm -- 300 ppm
(H2S)
Nitric Oxide (NO) 25 ppm -- -- 100 ppm
Sulphur Dioxide
2 ppm 5 ppm -- 100 ppm
(SO 2 )
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Life Threatening Effects of Toxic Gas:
EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EXPOSURE
PPM Effects & Symptoms Time
35 Permissible Exposure Level 8 hours

200 Slight headache, discomfort 3 hours
400 Headache, discomfort 2 hours
600 Headache, discomfort 1 hour
1000-2000 Confusion, Discomfort 2 hours
1000-2000 Tendency to stagger 1 1/2 hours
1000-2000 Slight palpitation of the heart 30 minutes
2000-2500 Unconsciousness 30 minutes
4000 FATAL Less than 1 hour
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EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) EXPOSURE
PPM Effects & Symptoms Time
10 Permissible exposure level 8 hours

50-100 Mild eye irritation, mild 1 hour
respiratory irritition
200-300 Marked eye irriation, marked 1 hour
respiratory irritation
500-700 Unconsciousness, DEATH 1/2 - 1 hour
>1000 Unconsciousness, DEATH Minutes
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SULFUR DIOXIDE SO2
Properties : Colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor that is produced

when sulfur or sulfur - containing materials are burned
Description : Heavier than air, it is most often found at the ground level of
confined spaces
Health Hazards : Irriates the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Immediately fatal in
concentrations above 400 ppm.
Exposure Limits : STEL - 5 ppm, TWA - 2 ppm over an eight hour shift
IDLH : IDLH = 100 ppm
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Toxic Gas Density

There are gases heavier than air that can be found at
the bottom of a confined space
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
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Toxic Gas Density

There are gases lighter than air that can be found at
the top of a confined space
Methane Combustible Gas

(lighter than air)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
32
Toxic Gas Density

There are gases that are with the same weight as air
that could be found throughout a confined space
Methane Combustible Gas

(lighter than air)
Carbon Monoxide
(slightly lighter than air)
Hydrogen Sulfide
(heavier than air)
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Basic Gas Monitoring
Conditions in a confined space can change without

warning due to:

Leakage

Toxic vapor release

disturbing the contents of the space
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Toxic Gas Density
35
Toxic Gas Density
36
Toxic Gas Density
37
Bottom
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Middle
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Top
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Multi-Gas Tester
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Common Type of Respirator
Air Purifying Filtering Facepiece High Efficiency

Respirator Purifying Air Filter
(HEPA)
42
CANISTER TYPE
FULL BODY SUIT
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Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR)
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Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Best for IDLH atmosphere
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Full Facepiece Pressure
Demand SCBA certified by
NIOSH for a minimum
service life of 30 minutes
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

46
Combination Full
Facepiece Pressure
Demand SAR with
Auxiliary Self-Contained
Air Supply
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Atmospheric
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
etc.
Other Hazards
Mechanical, Electrical noise, radiation, insecure
Chemical footing, stagnant, air, poor
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated lighting, presence of animals
from other energy sources. (snakes, rats, etc.)
48
Engulfment/Drowning Hazards

Leakage

disturbing the contents of the space

Not familiar with confined space
content and configuration
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
Plan entry during pre-entry briefing
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
Wear harness and life line

Make sure rescue equipment
ENTRY BY
and procedures are in place PERMIT ONLY

Maintain good communication
with attendant

Follow entry permit requirements
51
Atmospheric
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
etc.
Other Hazards
52
Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical Hazard

Danger of having uncontrolled energy sources
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Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical Hazard

Plan energy control and power lockout during
pre-entry briefing
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Energy Control & Power Lockout
Lockout:
• Shutting off all of the energy to a machine
• Releasing or blocking any stored energy
• Placing a lockout device on the energy

isolating device to ensure that the energy
isolating device and the equipment being
controlled can not be operated until the
lockout device is removed.
55
Lock & Hasp Lock, Hasp & Tag Switch Lock
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Valve Lock
Valve Lock
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Tagout:
• Process of placing tags on machinery to warn
workers not to start of operate the equipment
• Tags may communicate other information,
such as persons’ lock numbers, names,
departments, equipment identification, and
reason why equipment is down.
58
DANGER
MEN
WORKING
ON
MACHINERY
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Atmospheric
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
etc.
Other Hazards
60
Other Confined Space Hazards
EAR NOISE HAZARD –Hearing protection

PROTECTION
REQUIRED required
THERMAL
HEAT STRESS & HEAT STRAIN - Protection
STRESS required
RADIOACTIVE - Do not touch or move

equipment
BIOHAZARD - Medical waste; DO NOT

TOUCH
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Radiation Hazard
62
Atmospheric
confined space
Engulfment/Drowning
etc.
Other Hazards
Mechanical, Electrical noise, radiation, insecure footing,
Chemical stagnant, air, poor lighting,
Hazards created when equipment is not isolated presence of animals (snakes,
from other energy sources. rats, etc.)
63
Course Objectives
Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all

hazards associated with confined space
Focusing efforts on critical confined space hazards
and applicable parameters
Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
Eliminate ignorance and complacency
64
Objectives
65
CSE Program Elements
• A written plan/procedures (Management Commitment)
• Hazard Identification (Entry Permit)
• Posting of Confined Spaces (Placards/Signages)
• Confined space testing equipment (Multi-Gas)
• Confined space rescue equipment (Hoisting/Hooter)
• Hazard protection (PPE)
• Subcontractor information and policies (Subcontractor)
• Employee training (Confined Space Entry)
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• A written plan/procedures (Management Commitment)
 Purpose
 Scope
 References
 The Confined Space Entry Process
 Confined Space Hazards
 Atmospheric Parameters
 The Entry Permit
 Confined Space Hazard Management
 Confined Space Testing & Rescue Equipment
 Training Requirement
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• First Aid Station & Kit (Section 6.2.2, S-000-1654-108)
 A first aid kit suitable for trauma response
 Mobile stretcher (canvas or foldable type)
 Neil Robinson stretcher (confined space) or
equivalent
 Instruction on emergency first aid treatment
 Telephone
 Logbook (for recording of treatment)
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69
• Hoisting and
extrication
equipment ENTRY BY
PERMIT ONLY
70
71
Course Objectives
Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all

hazards associated with confined space
Focusing efforts on critical confined space hazards
and applicable parameters
Be able to plan according to confined space entry
requirements
Eliminate ignorance and complacency
72
Middle East Work Environment
73
Evaluation Instrument
Date :___________________
Name :___________________
Company :___________________
HAZARD IDENTIFIED ACTION STEPS PERSON

RESPONSIBLE
1.
2.
3.
74

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1

Confined Space Entry Training Course

• Identify all hazards associated with confined space

An enclosed space that is large enough for a person to

A permit required confined space is a confined space as defined

• contains or has known potential to contain a

• Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) – The maximum

% COMBUSTIBLE GAS BY VOLUME:

COMBUSTIBLE GAS LEL,% by vol.

An atmospheric oxygen Oxygen Content

Concentration below >23.5%

19.5 % (oxygen def.), or 15-19% Decreased ability to work strenuously.

Above 23.5 % (oxygen

These values are approximate and vary as to the individual's state of

EFFECTS OF CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EXPOSURE

PPM Effects & Symptoms Time

35 Permissible Exposure Level 8 hours

EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H2S) EXPOSURE

PPM Effects & Symptoms Time

10 Permissible exposure level 8 hours

SULFUR DIOXIDE SO2

Properties : Colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor that is produced

IDLH : IDLH = 100 ppm

Methane Combustible Gas

Methane Combustible Gas

Conditions in a confined space can change without

Air Purifying Filtering Facepiece High Efficiency

FULL BODY SUIT

Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR)

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

Best for IDLH atmosphere

Best for IDLH atmosphere

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

Best for IDLH atmosphere

• Releasing or blocking any stored energy

• Placing a lockout device on the energy

Lock & Hasp Lock, Hasp & Tag Switch Lock

EAR NOISE HAZARD –Hearing protection

RADIOACTIVE - Do not touch or move

BIOHAZARD - Medical waste; DO NOT

Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all

Be able to recognize a confined space and identify all

HAZARD IDENTIFIED ACTION STEPS PERSON

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