Research

Methodology
WEEK 9
October 11-15, 2021
Learning Task
What is a RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?

A description of how exactly you conducted

your research. Methodology should allow other

researchers to reproduce experiments if they

want to assess alternative methods that might

produce differing results.

How to write the METHODOLOGY?

1. Describe what you did and how you did it. The
interested reader should be able to repeat the
study from the account provided.
2. Be concise, precise, and logical in your writing.
3. Use the past tense in writing the methods
section.
How to write the METHODOLOGY?

4. Provide enough detail to enable the reader to

make an informed assessment of the methods
used in obtaining the results in relation with the
research problem.
PARTS OF METHODOLOGY?
1. Research Design
2. Population and Sampling
3. Data Gathering Procedure
4. Statistical Treatment
What is a RESEARCH DESIGN?

Research design is the framework of research

methods and techniques chosen by a researcher. The
design allows researchers to hone in on research
methods that are suitable for the subject matter and
set up their studies up for success.
What are the different RESEARCH
DESIGN?

Experimental Research Design

Descriptive Research Design
Correlational Research Design
Experimental Research Design

Primarily concerned with cause and effect

relationship in studies that involve
manipulation or control of the independent
variables (causes) and dependent variables
(effects)
Experimental Research Design
Descriptive Research Design

This design is utilized for the purpose of

accurately portraying a population that has been
chosen because of some specific characteristics.
No manipulation of variables is involved in a
descriptive research design.
Descriptive Research Design
Correlational Research Design

This design is used to investigate the direction and

magnitude of relationships among variables in
particular population. It also studies the changes in
one characteristics or phenomenon which correspond
to the changes in another or with one another.
Correlational Research Design
What is Population and Sampling?

a) Sampling technique used

b) The total number of participants
c) The major demographic characteristics of the
participants (such as age and sex)
d) The way the participants were selected must be
reported
What is Population and Sampling in
RESEARCH?

POPULATION- Composed of persons or

objects that possess some characteristics
that are of interest to the researcher.
What is Population and Sampling in
RESEARCH?
SAMPLE- It is very impractical for the researcher
to get data from the entire population especially if
it is very large. Therefore, a sample is derived. It is
a subset of the entire population or a group of
individuals that represents the population and
serves as the respondents of the study.
Why do we get SAMPLE?

• Less costs
• Less field time
• More accuracy i.e. Can Do A Better Job of Data
Collection
• When it’s impossible to study the whole population
What are the factors in determining the
SAMPLE SIZE?
1. Homogeneity of the population. The higher the degree
of the differences of the population, the smaller the
sample size that can be utilized.
2. Degree of precision desired by the researcher. A larger
sample size will result in greater precision or accuracy
results
What are the factors in determining the
SAMPLE SIZE?
3. Types of sampling procedure. Probability
sampling utilizes smaller sample size than non-
probability sampling.
4. The use of formulas
What are the factors in determining the
SAMPLE SIZE?
5. Other considerations

a) Sample sizes as small as 30 are generally

adequate to ensure that sampling
distribution of the mean will approximate
the normal curve.
What are the factors in determining the
SAMPLE SIZE?
5. Other considerations

b) When the total population is equal or less

than 100, this same number may serve as the
sample size. This is called universal sampling.
What are the factors in determining the
SAMPLE SIZE?
5. Other considerations
c) The following are the acceptable sizes for
different types of research:

Descriptive: 10% - 20% may be required

Correlational: 30 subjects respondents
Comparative: 15 subjects / group
Experimental: 15 – 30 subjects
EXAMPLE:
What are the different
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE?

1. Random Sampling Technique

2. Stratified Sampling Technique
3. Purposive Sampling Technique
4. Convenience Sampling Technique
1. Random Sampling Technique

• In a simple random sample, every member

of the population has an equal chance of
being selected. Your sampling frame
should include the whole population.
1. Random Sampling Technique
2. Stratified Sampling Technique

• Stratified sampling involves dividing the

population into subpopulations that may differ in
important ways. It allows you draw more precise
conclusions by ensuring that every subgroup is
properly represented in the sample.
2. Stratified Sampling Technique

To use this sampling method, you divide the

population into subgroups (called strata) based
on the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age
range, income bracket, job role).
2. Stratified Sampling Technique
3. Purposive Sampling Technique

• This type of sampling involves the researcher

using their judgement to select a sample that is
most useful to the purposes of the research.
• It is often used in qualitative research, where the
researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge
about a specific phenomenon rather than make
statistical inferences.
3. Purposive Sampling Technique
4. Convenience Sampling Technique

• A convenience sample simply includes the individuals

who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.
• This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial
data, but there is no way to tell if the sample is
representative of the population, so it can’t produce
generalizable results.
4. Convenience Sampling Technique
3. Data Gathering Procedure
It gives the reader a summary of each step in the
execution of the research.
EXAMPLE:
4. STATISTICAL TREATMENT
It gives the reader the information on how the collected data
will be analyzed using specific numerical functions.

EXAMPLE:
 FORMULA
a. Slovin’s Formula. It is used to
compute for sample size.
What is STATISTICAL TREATMENT of
DATA?

• It is used to properly test the hypothesis, answer

the research questions, and present the results
of the study in a clear and understandable
manner.
What is STATISTICS?

• A body of knowledge and techniques used in

collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting data.
What are the two branches of STATISTICS?

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS- It involves

tabulating, depicting, and describing the collected
data. The data are summarized to reveal overall
data patterns and make them manageable.
What are the two branches of STATISTICS?

2. INFERENCIAL STATISTICS- It involves

making generalizations about the population
through a sample drawn from it. It also includes
hypothesis tasting and sampling.
What are the levels of measurement of
VARIABLES?

1. Nominal Data
2. Ordinal Data
3. Interval Data
4. Ratio Data
of measurement of VARIABLES?

1. Nominal Data- these are attributed that only name

variables. These data are considered at the simplest
level.

Example: Naming the data for statistical purposes

• Male – 1 Female – 2
 of measurement of VARIABLES?
2. Ordinal Data- these are attributes of variables
that can be placed as one is higher than two. They
can be used for ranking purposes. They are mostly
used in Likert Scaling
Example: 1 – Very Good
2 – Good
3 – Fair
4 – Poor
 of measurement of VARIABLES?

3. Interval Data-These are attributes of variables where

the distance from one number to the other has a
meaning.

Example: the difference in the temperature between

10 AM and 12 PM
of measurement of VARIABLES?

4. Ratio Data - these are attributes of variables that

has a natural zero
Example: Absence of money in the pocket
 What are the common STATISTICAL
TOOLS?
1. Descriptive Statistics 2. Inferential Statistics
a. Frequency distribution a. Parametric Test
b. Proportion b. T-Test
c. Percentage c. Z-Test
d. Measure of central tendencies d. F-Test
e. Mode e. Pearson product-moment coefficient of
correlation
f. Median
g. Mean
h. Variability or Dispersion
i. Range
j. Average Deviation
k. Variance
l. Standard Deviation
 What are the common STATISTICAL
TOOLS?
1. Descriptive Statistics

A. Frequency distribution

It is the record of the number of individuals

or cases located in each category on the scale
of measurement.
 What are the common STATISTICAL
TOOLS?
1. Descriptive Statistics

B. Percentage

It is the proportion expressed in percentage

(proportion x 100)
 What are the common STATISTICAL
TOOLS?
1. Descriptive Statistics

C. Mean

It is the exact mathematical distribution. It is

equal to the sum of all scores divided by the
number of cases.
What are the common STATISTICAL
TOOLS?
2. Inferential Statistics

A. Pearson Product-moment Coefficient or

Correlation

It is an index of relationship between two

variables.
 Sample Statement of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool

Statistical Tool: Percentage

Justification: Data are nominal and are used to show the

distribution of the parts of a whole.
 Sample Statement of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool

Statistical Tool: Weighted Mean

Justification: The researcher is looking into the average of some
elements with different weights on the result than other
elements in the set.
 Sample Statement of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool

Statistical Tool: Average Weighted Mean

Justification: The researcher is looking into the average of some elements
with different weights on the result than other elements in the set.
 Sample Statement of the Problem with a
Corresponding Tool

Statistical Tool: Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation

Justification: There are two continuous variables in which data are
interval. In this case, the variables pre-test and posttest scores are related.
Sample METHODOLOGY
Sample METHODOLOGY