Placing Bacteria

1735 Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia

1857 Bacteria and fungi put in the Kingdom Plantae
–“Flora”
1866 Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria,
protozoa, algae, and fungi
1937 Prokaryote introduced for cells "without a
nucleus"
1961 Prokaryote defined as cell in which nucleoplasm
is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane
1959 Kingdom Fungi
1968 Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed
1978 Two types of prokaryotic cells found
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Three-Domain System

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.1

A Model of the Origin of Eukaryotes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.2

Endosymbiotic Theory

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figures 10.2, 10.3
Scientific Names

Scientific Binomial Source of Genus Source of

Name Specific Epithet
Klebsiella pneumoniae Honors Edwin Klebs The disease

Pfiesteria piscicida Honors Lois Pfiester Disease in fish

Salmonella Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in

typhimurium mice (muri-)
Streptococcus pyogenes Chains of cells Forms pus (pyo-)
(strepto-)
Penicillium Tuftlike (penicill-) Produces a yellow
chrysogenum (chryso-) pigment
Trypanosoma cruzi Corkscrew-like Honors Oswaldo
(trypano-, borer; Cruz
soma-, body)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Taxonomic Hierarchy

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Taxonomic Hierarchy

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.5
Phylogenetic Relationships of
Prokaryotes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.6
Identifying Bacteria

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications, p. 283

 Identifying Klebsiella doesn’t
tell you it’s classified as
gammaproteobacteria

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications, p. 283

References

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Morphology, differential

Bacteriology staining, biochemical tests
Provides identification schemes for
identifying bacteria and archaea
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Based on rRNA sequencing
Bacteriology
Provides phylogenetic information on
bacteria and archaea

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Identifying a Gram – Negative, Oxidase
– Negative Rod

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.8

Numerical Identification

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.9

Check Your Understanding
 Design a rapid test for a Staphylococcus aureus.
10-14

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 6.10

ELISA

 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

 Known antibodies
 Unknown type of bacterium
 Antibodies linked to enzyme
 Enzyme substrate

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.14

An ELISA Test

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 10.11
The Western Blot

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.12

Phage Typing of Salmonella enterica

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.13

Flow Cytometry

 Uses differences in
electrical
conductivity between
species
 Fluorescence of
some species
 Cells selectively
stained with
antibody plus
fluorescent dye

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 18.12

Genetics

 DNA base composition

 Guanine + cytosine
moles% (GC)
 DNA fingerprinting
 Electrophoresis of
restriction enzyme
digests
 rRNA sequencing
 Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.14

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.15

A DNA Probe Used to Identify Bacteria

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.16

DNA Chip Technology

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.17

DNA Chip Technology

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.17

FISH

 Fluorescent in
situ hybridization
 Add DNA probe
for S. aureus

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.18

Dichotomous Key

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.8

Building a Cladogram

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19

Building a Cladogram

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19

Building a Cladogram

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 10.19