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Research Variables & How To Control Them - Research Methods (Psychology)
Research Variables & How To Control Them - Research Methods (Psychology)
Research Methods
The Research Variables &
How to Control Them
– An experimental research hypothesis is an
assertion that systematic variation of
(1) an independent variable produces lawful
changes in
(2) a dependent variable.
– Stimulus Variables
• In research, the independent variable is a stimulus, where the word
"stimulus" broadly refers to any aspect of the environment (physical,
social, and so on) that excites the receptors.
• When we use the term "stimulus," though, we actually mean a
certain stimulus class.
– Organismic Variables
• The possible relationships between organismic variables and
behavior are studied using the method of systematic observation
(or quasi-experiments) rather than experimentation.
• An organismic variable is any relatively stable physical
characteristic of an organism such as gender, eye color, height,
weight, and body build, as well as such characteristics as
intelligence, educational level, neuroticism, and prejudice.
• Dependent Variables
– Response Measures
• Since in psychology we’re interested in some aspect of
human or animal behavior, and since the components of
behavior are responses, our dependent variables are typically
(but not always) response measures.
• "Response measures" is also an extremely broad class that
includes such diverse phenomena as
– number of drops of saliva a person secretes when tasting
cheesecakes,
– number of errors an employee makes on a task,
– time it takes a person to solve a problem, amplitude of
electromyograms (electrical signals given off by muscles when
they contract),
– number of words spoken in a given period of time,
– accuracy of throwing a baseball, and
– judgments of people about certain traits.
• Accuracy. One way to measure response accuracy would bewith a
metrical system, such as when we fire a rifle at a target.
• Latency. This is the time that it takes from the onset of a stimulus to
the start of a response, as in reaction-time studies.
• Duration (Speed). This is a measure of how long it takes to
complete a response, once it has started.
– To emphasize the distinction between latency and duration measures:
latency is the time between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the
response, and speed or duration is the time between the onset and
termination of the response, important differences indeed.
• Frequency and Rate. Frequency is the number of times a response
occurs, as in how many responses an organism makes before
extinction of a behavior.
• Additional Response Measures. Other examples are level of ability
that a person can manifest (e.g., how many problems of increasing
difficulty one solves with an unlimited amount of time) or the intensity
of a response (e.g., the amplitude of the galvanic skin response in an
emotional situation).
• The first requirement for a dependent variable - it must
be valid.
– By validity we mean that the data reported are actual
measures of the dependent variable as it is operationally
defined; that is, the question of validity is whether the
operationally defined dependent variable truly measures that
which is specified in the consequent condition of the
hypothesis.
hypothesis
• Reliability of Dependent Variables
– The second requirement is that a dependent variable should be
reliable.
– One meaning of reliability is the degree to which participants
receive the same scores when repeated measurements of them
are taken.
– A one-way affair: If there are statistically reliable differences
among groups, the dependent variable is probably reliable; if
there are no significant differences, then no conclusion about its
reliability is possible (at least on this information only).
– If replications of the experiment yield consistent results
repeatedly, certainly the dependent variable is reliable.
– An Example...
• Confounding Examples