DONE BY; SANDEEP

RAJA.N,RICHARDSON PATRICK.S
CRI
 INTRODUCTION

• THE ANATOMY OF EDENTULOUS RIDGES IN THE

MAXILLA AND MANDIBLE IS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE
DESIGN OF THE COMPLETE DENTURE

• THE TOTAL AREA OF SUPPORT FROM THE MANDIBLE

IS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN FROM THE MAXILLA.

• THE AVERAGE AVAILABLE DENTURE BEARING AREA FOR

AN EDENTULOUS MANDIBLE IS 14cm2 , WHEREAS FOR
EDENTULOS MAXILLA IT IS 24cm2. THEREFORE THE
MANDIBLE IS LESS CAPABLE OF RESISTING OCCLUSAL
FORCES THAN THE MAXILLA.

• THE CONSISTENCY OF THE MUCOSA AND THE UNDERLYING

BONE IS DIFFERENT IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE EDENTULOUS
RIDGE

• SOME PARTS OF THE RIDGE ARE CAPABLE OF

WITHSTANDING MORE FORCE THAN OTHER AREARS
 LIMITING STRUCTURES
 SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
 RELIEF AREAS
 LABIAL FRENUM
 LABIAL VESTIBULE
 BUCCAL FRENUM
 BUCCAL VESTIBULE
 HAMULAR NOTCH
 POSTERIOR PALATAL SEAL AREA
 FOLD OF MUCOUS
MEMBRANE
 NO MUSCLE
 NO ACTION OF
ITS OWN
 A “V” SHAPED NOTCH
SHOULD BE RECORDED
DURING IMPRESSION
MAKING
 LABIAL NOTCH OF THE
LABIAL FLANGE OF THE
DENTURE MUST BE JUST
WIDE ENOUGH AND JUST
DEEP ENOUGH TO
ACCOMMODATE THE
LABIAL FRENUM
 IT IS DIVIDED LEFT AND
RIGHT BY THE LABIAL
FRENUM
 ORBICULARIS ORIS IS THE
MAIN MUSCLE WHICH
FORMS THE OUTER
SURFACE OF THE LABIAL
VESTIBULE
 ORBICULARIS ORIS
MUSCLE HAS ONLY AN
INDIRECT EFFECT ON THE
LABIAL VESTIBULE
BECAUSE ITS FIBERS RUN
IN HORIZONTAL
DIRECTION
 DIVIDING LINE BETWEEN
THE LABIAL AND BUCCAL
VESTIBULE.
 FRENUM MAY BE SINGLE
OR DOUBLE.
 LEVETOR ANGULI ORIS
MUSCLE ATTACHES
BENEATH THE FRENUM.
 ORBICULARIS MUSCLE
PULLS THE FRENUM
FORWARD.
 BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
PULLS IT BACKWARD.
 REQUIRE MORE
CLEARENCE FOR ITS
ACTION
 EXTEND FROM BUCCAL
FRENUM TO HAMULAR
NOTCH
 BOUNDED LATERALLY BY
THE CHEEKS AND
MEDIALLY BY THE
RIDGE.
 SIZE OF THE VESTIBULE
VARIES WITH THE
CNTRACTION OF
BUCCINATOR MUSCLE,
POSITION OF THE
MANDIBLE, AND AMOUNT
OF BONE LOST FROM
MAXILLA.
 ADEQUATE DEPTH/WIDTH
SHOULD BE RECORDED
 DISTAL LIMIT OF THE
BUCCAL VESTINULE.
 SITUATED BETWEEN THE
TUBROSITY AND
HAMULUS OF THE MEDIAL
PTERYGOID BONE.
 TENSOR VELI PALATINI
MUSCLE RUNS
HORIZONTALLY
THROUGH THIS NOTCH.
 AIDS IN ACHIEVING
POSTERIOR PALATAL
SEAL.
 “THE SOFT TISSUE AT OR ALONG THE JUNCTION OF THE HARD
AND SOFT PALATE ON WHICH PRESSURE WITHIN THE
PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS OF THE TISSUE S CAN BE APPLIED BY
A DENTURE TO AID IN THE RETENSION OF THE DENTURE”
-GPT.

PARTS:
•POSTPALATAL SEAL
•PTERYGOMAXILLARY SEAL

EXTENSIONS:
•ANTERIORLY- ANTERIOR VIBRATING LINE
•POSTERIORLY- POSTERIOR VIBRATING LINE
•LATERALLY- 3-4 MM ANTERIOLATERAL TO
HAMULAR NOTCH
 “THE IMAGINARY LINE ACROSS THE POSTERIOR PART OF
THE PALATE MAKING THE DIVISION BETWEEN THE
MOVABLE AND IMMOVABLE TISSUES OF THE SOFT
PALATE WHICH CAN BE IDENTIFIED WHEN THE
MOVABLE TISSUES ARE MOVING”-GPT

Anterior &Posterior
Vibrating line
PRIMARY STRESS SECONDRY STRESS
BEARING AREA BEARING AREA
 HARD
PALATE  RESIDUAL
 MAXILLARY ALVEOLAR RIDGE
TUBEROSITY
 COVERED BY KERATINIZED SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM.

 ANTERIOLATERALLY, THE SUBMUCOSA

CONTAINS ADIPOSE TISSUE.

 POSTEROLATERALLY IT CONTAINS
GLANDULAR TISSUE.

 THE HORIZONTAL PORTION OF THE

HARD PALATE PROVIDES THE PRIMARY
STRESS-BEARING AREA
 IT IS THE POSTERIOR
CONVEXITY OF THE
MAXILLARY BODY.

 THE MEDIAL AND

LATERAL WALLS RESIST
THE HORIZONTAL
AND TORQUING
FORCES WHICH
WOULD MOVE THE
DENTURE BASE IN
LATERAL OR PALATAL
DIRECTION.

 THEREFORE MAXILLARY
DENTURE BASE SHOULD
COVER THE TUBEROSITY
AND FILL THE HAMULAR
NOTCHES.
 COVERED BY KERATINIZED SRATIFIED
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.

 THE SUB MUCOSA IS CHARECTERIZED BY DENSE

COLLAGENOUS FIBERS THAT ARE CONTIGUOUS
WITH LAMINA PROPRIA

 CONSIDERED AS A SECONDRY STRESS BEARING

AREA BECAUSE IT IS SUBJECTED TO RESORPTION
TO HORIZONTAL PORTION OF HARD PALATE
  INCISIVE PAPILLA
 MEDIAN PALATAL RAPHE
 FOVEA PALATINE
 SITUATED ON A LINE
IMMEDIATELY BEHIND
AND BETWEEN THE
CENTRAL INCISORS
 THE INCISIVE FORAMEN IS
LOCATED BENEATH THE
INCISIVE PAPILLA.
 LOCATION OF THE INCISIVE
PAPILLA GIVES AN
INDICATION AS TO THE
AMOUNT OF RESORPTION
THAT HAS TAKEN PLACE.
 THE NASOPALATINE
NERVES AND VESSELS PASS
THROUGH THE INCISIVE
FORAMEN.
 THE SUBMUCOSA IS
EXTREMELY THIN IN THE
REGION OF MEDIAL
PALATAL SUTURE, SO THE
MUCOSAL LAYER IS IN
CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE
UNDERLYING BONE.
 FOR THIS REGION, THE SOFT
TISSUE COVERING THE
MEDIAN PALATAL TISSUE IS
NONRESILIENT IN NATURE
& MAY NEED TO BE
RELIEVED.
 BILATERAL
INDENTATION NEAR THE
MIDLINE OF PALATE

 FORMED BY COALESCENCE
OF SEVERAL MUCOSAL
GLAND DUCT

 POSTERIOR TO JUNCTION OF
HARD AND SOFT PALATE

 ALWAYS ON SOFT PALATE

 LIMITING STRUCTURES
 SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
 RELIEF AREAS
 Labial frenum
 Labial vestibule
 Buccal frenum
 Buccal vestibule
 Lingual frenum
 Alveolingual sulcus
 Retromolar pad
 Pterygomandibular raphe
 It is a fold of mucous
membrane at the median
line.

 It divids the labial

vestibule into left and
right labial vestibule

 Recorded as a notch in
the impression made
 Frenum contains
fiber of Orbicularis
oris and Mentalis
muscle

 Therefore the
frenum is quite
sensitive and active,
and the denture
must be fitted
carefully around it
to maintain a seal
without causing
soreness
 The labial vestibule
extend from the
labial frenum to the
buccal frenum

 Muscle attachment
close to the crest of
the ridge –limits the
denture flange
extension
 The buccal frenum
forms the
dividing line
between the labial
and buccal
vestibule.
 It overlies the
depressor anguli oris
muscle.
 Fibers of buccinator
muscle attached to
the frenum.
 Frenum may be
single or double,
broad U shaped or
sharp V shaped.

 It should be relieved
to prevent
displacement of the
denture during
function.
 Extend from buccal
frenum to retromolar
pad

 The extent of buccal

vestibule is influenced
by the buccinator
muscle,
which extends from the
modiolus anteriorly to
the pterygomandibular
raphe posteriorly

 The impression is widest

in this region.
 Fold of mucous
membrane.
 •Base of tongue to
supragenial tubercle.
 The anterior region of
the lingual flange is
called sub-lingual
crescent area
 A high frenum is
called as Tongue tie.it
should be corrected
if it affects the
stability of the
denture.
Space between the
residual ridge & tongue .
Extends from lingual
frenum to retromylohyoid
curtain .
3 regions (anterior,
middle & posterior)
The anterior region
extends from the lingual f.
back to where mylohyoid
muscle curves above the
level of the sulcus
(premylohyoid fossa) .
The middle region extends from
premylohyoid fossa to the distal
end of the mylohyoid ridge,
curving medially from the body
of the mandible. This curvature is
caused by the prominance of
mylohyoid ridge & the action of
mylohyoid muscle.
The posterior region: here the
flange passes into the
retromylohyoid fossa &
completes the typical S form of
the correctly shaped lingual
flange.
The retromylohyoid
space lies at the distal
end of the
alveololingual sulcus.

Bounded by
Anterior tonsillar
pillar,posteriorly by
the retromylohyoid
curtain.
 Formed
 posteriorly by
the superior
constrictor muscle,
 Laterally by the
mandible &
pterygomandibular
raphe,
 Anteriorly by lingual
tuberosity, and
 Inferiorly by the
mylohyoid muscle.
 The retromolar pad is a
pear shaped area
containing glandular
tissue, loose areolar
connective tissue,the
lower margin of the
pterygomandibular
raphe,fibers of
buccinator and superior
constrictor, along with
the fibers of temporal
tendon.
 The retromolar papilla is a pear shaped area just
anterior to the retromolar pad, it is dense, fibrous
connective tissue.
 Buccal shelf area

 Residual alveolar ridge

 Extend from the buccal
frenum to the anterior
edge of the masseter
muscle.
 Boundries :
Medially- crest of the ridge
Laterally- external oblique
ridge.
Distally –retromolar pad
The mucous membrane
covering the buccal
shelf area is loosely
attached, less
keratinized & contains
thick submucosal layer.
Considered as a
primary stress-bearing
area because it is
covered by a layer of
cortical bone, & it lies at
right angles to vertical
occlusal forces
 The crest of the
residual alveolar
ridge is covered by
fibrous connective
tissue,
 But in many mouths
the underlying
bone is cancellous
and without a good
cortical bony plate
covering it.
 The mucous membrane covering the crest of the
residual ridge is covered by keratinized layer
and is attached by its submucosa to the
periosteum of the mandible.

 The extent of this attachment varies

considerably. In some people, the submucosa is
loosely attached to the bone over the entire
crest of the residual ridge, and the soft tissue is
quite movable.
 In others, the submucosa is firmly attached to
the bone on both the crest and the slopes of the
lower residual ridge.

 However, because underlying bone is often

cancellous (bony spicules and nutrient canals),
the crest of the residual ridge may not be
favorable as the primary stress-bearing area for
a lower denture.
 Mental foramen
 Genial tubercle
 Mylohyoid ridge
 Mandibular tori.
 As resorption takes place,
the mental foramen will
come to lie closer to the
crest of ridge.

 In these circumstances, the

mental nerve and blood
vessels may be compressed
by denture base unless relief
is provided.

 Pressure on mental nerve

can cause numbness of
lower lip.
 The genial tubercle are a
pair of dense
prominences at the
inferior border of the
mandible at the lingual
midline.
 They represents the
muscle attachment of
the genioglossus
and geniohyoid
muscle.
 They only become
relevant in the denture
when there is
excessive resorption of
the residual ridge.
 The mylohyoid ridge is a boney
prominence along the lingual
aspect of the mandible
 Soft tissue usually hides the
sharpness of mylohyoid ridge.
 Anteriorly, this ridge with
mylohyoid muscle is close to
inferior surface of mandible.
 Posteriorly, after resorption, it
often flushes with the residual
ridge.
 The mucous
overlying the sharp or irregular
membrane
mylohyoid ridge needs to be
relieved.
 Mandibular tori are
lingual bilateral
prominences of
cortical bone in the
premolar area.but they
may extend
posteriorly to the
molar area.
 small tori may
only require relief
in the denture.
 Large tori reguire
removal before a
denture can be
fabricated