PHILIPPINES POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Evolution of Philippine
Politics and
Governance
A Comprehensive Report by Group 1 of 12 – Confucius

May 31, 2021

9:15am – 11:15am
Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

Learning Takeaways
After the report, you are expected to:
Analyze the evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance by
identifying significant events that transpired from the Third
Republic to the present;
Describe the centralized colonial government of Spain in the
Philippines; and lastly,
Enumerate the causes and effects of Martial Law to PH Politics
and Governance.
Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

LEARNING ROADMAP
Pre-ColoniaL ERA Post-Spanish era POST-AMERICAN & JAPANESE ERA POST-MARTIAL LAW ERA
Jofany Jane P. Cabanig Cyra Nicole Castrence Angelo Dela Cruz & Emmanuel Cañaveral Gladys Amil & Angel Myca Almonte

SPANISH ERA American & Japanese occupation MARTIAL LAW ERA

Maria Angelika G. Batayola Joshua O. Bermudo Princess Bianca S, Alcaria
Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

PRE-COLONIAL
ERA

Jofany Jane P. Cabanig

Reporter
BARANGAY
/bɑːrɑːŋˈɡaɪ/

The earliest system of Philippine

government, these are settlements of
early Filipinos that are scattered all over
the archipelago.

Ruled by a datu or a raja, Barangays

are independent of each other as no ruler
was powerful before to unite them in
one nation.
 DATU /datu/

Also known as raha or raja, their

main responsibility was to rule and
control his subjects by fostering their
well-being. He has the power to protect
their people.

Datus are not dictators for customs

and procedures back then limited their
authority (Constantino, 1975). He
served as the chief executive, senator,
and judge during times of peace. He was
also the supreme commander of the
warriors during times of strife.
Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

SPANISH ERA

Maria angelika g. batayola

Reporter
SPANISH COLONIZATION
Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi
1502 – 1572

Ferdinand Magellan
1480 – 1521

Philippines was discovered on March 17, 1521, by

Ferdinand Magellan. But it was only colonized on
February 14, 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
CEBU established the first permanent settlement in Cebu.
Spanish Era

overview
Philippines was indirectly governed by the King of Spain.
There is a council in Spain responsible for administering the
Philippine colony. It was called the:
 Council of Indies (1565 – 1837);
 Overseas Council (1837 – 1863); and
 Ministry of Colonies (1863 – 1898).
The PH-Spanish government was centralized, which was unified
with the church in decision-making.
 King of
Spain
PHILIPPINE COLONIAL Government Indirect
Governance

Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel

Lopez de Legazpi, who valiantly and loyally served the Royal
Executive
Audiencia
Spanish crown. Governor-
Supreme Court
General

To hasten the subjugation of the country, King Philip II,

who was the King at the time, instructed Legazpi to Provincial Municipal City
divide the Philippines into large territories called Government Government Government
Alcalde
Corregidor Cabildo
encomiendas, to be left to the management of designated Mayor
encomenderos. Encomenderos were the members of the
central government. Pueblos/Town
Cabildo
s
Gobernadorcillo City
s Councilors

Barrios Barrios
Cabeza de Barangay Cabeza de Barangay
 Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

Post-SPANISH ERA

Cyra Nicole s. castrence

Reporter
Declaration of PHILIPPINE
Independence
June 12, 1898, 4:20pm

The execution of Jose Rizal was the

final blow to the Filipinos during the
Spanish Era. Around those time, Spain
was in war with America. The
Katipunan at Cavite saw this as an
opportunity. And in the year 1898, the
Philippine Revolution plan succeeded.
Emilio Aguinaldo was the person who
issued the Philippines Declaration of
Independence on June 12, 1898. As
such, the First Philippine Republic was
established, with the support of
America.
PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
1899 - 1902

Admiral George Dewey schemed to

convince the Spaniards to surrender to
America. It was an act of betrayal by
America that no sooner short-lived the
celebration of Philippine independence
when America annexed the Spanish
colonies to include the Philippines.

The Filipino forces were determined to

continue their efforts against imperialist
power leading to a bloody fight against
the American Army in February 1899
when America refused to grant
Philippines the long-sought
Independence.
 Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

American &
Japanese OCCUPATION

JOSHUA O. BERMUDO
Reporter
Tydings-McDuffie Law
Philippine Independence Act

Commonwealth
of the philippines
A decade-long preparation of independence from the
United States for the Philippines to finally become a
country that it is now.
COMMONWEALTH PRESIDENTS

Manuel L. Quezon Sergio Osmeña MANUEL ROXAS

1935 – 1944 1944 – 1946 1946 – 1948
 The Commonwealth government, led by
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio S. Osmena
went into exile in the US. Quezon died there
of tuberculosis. As a result, Osmena took
over as President.

Meanwhile, the Japanese forces in the

Philippines installed a puppet government in
Manila, headed by Jose P. Laurel as president.
This was the Second Philippine Republic.

The horrors of the Japanese occupation were

finally over when the Allied forces led by
General Douglas McArthur landed on the
island in Leyte on October 20, 1944. And on
September 2, 1945, Japan finally surrendered.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
SECOND REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS

JOSE P. LAUREL
1943 – 1945
American & Japanese Occupation

WW2 Aftermath
In 1945, Commonwealth was restored.
First regular session of Congress convened in its first session
on July 9, 1945. Manuel Roxas was elected Senate President,
Elpidio Quirino was chosen President Pro Tempore.
Additionally, Jose Zulueta was speaker of the house, while
Prospero Sanidad became speaker pro tempore.
Through Commonwealth Act 672, the Central Bank of the
Philippines was established.
 Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

POST-American &
Japanese OCCUPATION

ANGELO DELA CRUZ EMMANUEL CAñAVERAL

Reporter (Part I) Reporter (Part II)
The Third Republic of the
Philippines was inaugurated
on the 4th of July 1946. This
was the time when the
country was finally
recognized by the global
community of nations. This
happened on June 14, 1942,
when the Philippines joined
the United Nations, known
before as the Anti-Axis
Alliance.

This was finally the time

when the Philippines can be
truly considered as
independent of Western
Powers, and finally recognize
their own identity in the
THIRD REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS

MANUEL ROXAS ELPIDIO QUIRINO RAMON MAGSAYSAY

1946 – 1948 1948 – 1953 1953 – 1957
 THIRD REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS

CARLOS P. GARCIA DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL FERDINAND MARCOS

1957 – 1961 1961 – 1965 1965 – 1986
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
MANUEL
ROXAS
1946 – 1948
President Roxas faced a government
“without financial means to support even its
basic functions,” scarcity in commodities
especially of food, hyperinflation, the
“tragic destruction” of a productive
economy, and still-ongoing rehabilitation
among the different sectors of society .
Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (which would be
reorganized in 1958 as the Development Bank of the
Philippines);
Creation of the Department of Foreign Affairs
(DFA)
Central Bank of the Philippines
Campaigned the Bell Trade Act
Established diplomatic ties with foreign countries
and gained membership to United Nations General
Assembly, UNESCO, WHO, the International Labor
Organization, etc.
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
ELPIDIO QUIRINO
1948 – 1953
President Quirino’s goal was strengthening
the people’s confidence in the government
and the restoration of peace. In order to
achieve these, the Chief Executive travelled
around the country to inspect firsthand the
condition of the nation.
Established the Action Committee on Social
Amelioration to promote the welfare of citizens in
rural areas.
Social Security Study Commission
Labor Management Advisory Board
Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing
Administration
Reached out to HUKBALAHAP and PKM, granting
amnesty to the insurgents that surrendered arms.
Reformed the Armed Forces of the Philippines
through Economic Development Corps (EDCOR)
and Land Settlement and Development Corporation
(LASEDECO).
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
RAMON MAGSAYSAY
1953 – 1957
To help the rural masses was the focal point
of the populist administration of President
Ramon Magsaysay. President Magsaysay
insisted on meeting and communicating
with his people.
Presidential Complaint and Action Commission
Magsaysay Credo
Formed the Social Security Law, Agricultural
Tenancy Act, Land Reform Act, Court of Agrarian
Relations, National Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA)
Manila Pact of 1954, which formed the Southeast
Asian Treaty Organization(SEATO)
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS

Established the Social Security System (SSS).

Filipino First Policy

Austerity Program

Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act

CARLOS P. GARCIA
1957 – 1961
Bohlen-Serrano Agreement of 1959
President Garcia sought the help and
support of the masses in accomplishing the
tremendous responsibilities of the
presidency and in carrying on the legacy of
the Magsaysay administration.
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
Agricultural Land Reform Code (an act that
established the Land Bank of the Philippines)
Emergency Employment Administration
Philippine Veterans Bank
National Cottage Industries Development Authority
DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL (NACIDA)
1961 – 1965
Philippine National Railways (PNR).
President Macapagal aimed to eradicate
corruption and assured the public that honesty Lifted foreign exchange controls.
would prevail in his presidency. President
Macapagal, too, aimed at self-sufficiency and Manila Accord of 1963, which founded
the promotion of every citizen’s welfare, Maphilipindo.
through the partnership of the government and
private sector, and to alleviate poverty by
providing solutions for unemployment.
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS
FERDINAND MARCOS
1965 – 1986
President Marcos focused on “the revival of
the greatness of the nation.”
Reorganized the Armed Forces, Philippine
Constabulary, Bureau of Internal Revenue and Bureau
of Customs. Programs and Irrigations Projects
Construction
Established the Cultural Center of the Philippines
(CCP) in 1969.
Hosted the Manila Summit in 1966.
Approved the Investments Incentives Act and the
Police Act of 1966, establishing the Philippine
Coast Guard.
Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

Martial law ERA

Princess bianca s. alcariA

Reporter
Martial Law

WHAT HAPPENED?
First Quarter Storm (1970)
Plaza Miranda Bombing (1971)
The strength of the Communist Party of the Philippines and its
military wing, New People’s Army (NPA) increases.
Supposedly “Marcos-staged” on the convoy of then Secretary of
Defense Juan Ponce Enrile on the night of September 22, 1972.
The said proclamation was dated September 21,
when in fact it was only put into effect on
September 23.
 The Proclamation’s aftermath . . .

Opponents of the administration were incarcerated;

decree-making powers were asserted by the President,
and when the ongoing Constitutional Convention
produced a draft document, a series of “barangay
assemblies” were held to prevent Congress from
convening as scheduled in January 1973. After claiming
approval of a new Constitution, the dictatorship ordered
Congress padlocked.
1973 Philippine PLEBISCITE
President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 86 calling
for the cancellation of the plebiscite and instituted barangays’
citizens’ assemblies to ratify the new constitution by a referendum
from 10–15 January 1973. This was challenged before the Supreme
Court in what became known as the ratification and plebiscite cases.
 1973 PHILIPPINE PLEBISCITE

Are you in favor of adopting the Are you in favor of holding another
proposed (1973) Constitution? plebiscite to ratify the Constitution?

For (14,976,361 or 90.67%) For (1,421,616 or 9.04%)

Against (743,869 or 9.33%) Against (14,298,814 or 90.96%)
The “ratification” of the 1973 Constitution
marked the end of the Third Republic and
the beginning of the Bagong Lipunan—the
New Society as the martial law regime was
called—under President Marcos.

Finally, in 1981, through Proclamation No.

2045, Martial Law was lifted throughout the
country and marked the beginning of the
“New,” or Fourth, Republic of the
Philippines.

Fraudulent election transpired on the

beginning of the Fourth Republic, which led
to the assassination of Benigno “Ninoy”
Aquino. These events led to the 1986 EDSA
People Power Revolution.
 Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance

POST-Martial law ERA

GLADYS O. AMIL ANGEL MYCA V. ALMONTE

Reporter (Part I) Reporter (Part II)
 FIFTH REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS

CORAZON AQUINO FIDEL V. RAMOS JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA

1986 - 1992 1992 – 1998 1998 – 2001
 FIFTH REPUBLIC PRESIDENTS

GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO BENIGNO AQUINO III RODRIGO R. DUTERTE

2001 – 2010 2010 – 2016 2016 – present
 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
CORAZON AQUINO
1986 - 1992
Being the first woman to become president of the
country, President Aquino attempted to put together
a nation devastated by the rule of her predecessor
Ferdinand E. Marcos. It was not an easy task since
the country’s economic condition was in its worse
state since 1982. Filipinos living below the poverty
line is alarmingly increasing in number.
Seven coup attempts were staged by the Reform the
Armed Forces Movement (RAM) against the
administration.
$27.2 billion worth of debt was urged by
International Monetary Fund, World Bank and the
United States was forced to be paid under her as
President.
Sough reforms for a freer economy to be eligible of
IMF’s rehabilitation programs, which ended the
monopolization of the agriculture industry of the
country, reduced tariffs and limited import controls
in the Philippines.
Created the 1987 Constitution.
 SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTIONS

Initiated the Social Reform Agenda (SRA).

GNP reached an average of 5% increase annually.

Undertook the implementation of Build-Operate-

Transfer (BOT) law.

FIDEL V. RAMOS Achieved a peace agreement with the Moro-Islamic

1992 – 1998 National Liberation Front (MNLF), bagging the first
President Ramos is the “Centennial President” of UNESCO Peace Award.
the Philippines. When he took office, he established
a steadier governance of the Philippines. Most of
his contributions sought for the country’s recovery.
 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS

Launched an all-out war against the MNLF on March

21, 2000.

JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA

1998 – 2001
President Estrada promised to begin a pro-poor
administration that his predecessors failed to
promote in their respective platforms. This support
dwindled down as his administration was rattled by
corruption. Critics accused him of failing to live up
to his promises due to the resurfacing of cronyism
in the government.
 SIGNIFICANT DETAILS
Her administration was bombarded with several
controversies and impeachment attempts in the last
five years.
Several attempts to change the 1987 Constitution
was promulgated by the administration. But many
are skeptic of the true agenda of Arroyo, as the 2010
election countdown nears before.
Seeks to reform the government as a parliamentary
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO government. This will enable Arroyo run for
2001 – 2010
parliament and become prime minister.
President Arroyo promoted a “Stronger Republic”
under her rule, which was geared towards vigorous
economic reforms.
 SIGNIFICANT DETAILS
Criticized with his government’s slow response to aid
victims of Typhoon Haiyan, Mamasapano massacare
and other crises.
Aquino left the presidency with a stable democracy,
higher credit rating, surplus government funds and a
Central Bank abundant in reserves.
Implemented K-12 program, reshaping the
BENIGNO AQUINO III Philippine education.
2010 – 2016

President Aquino III promised to transform the

government of the country “from one that is self-
serving to one that works for the welfare of the
nation.”
 SIGNIFICANT DETAILS
First President to come from Mindanao.

Clamoring to change the constitution from a

presidential to a federal government.

Outspoken, strong-willed crime fighter with an anti-

establishment stance.
RODRIGO R. DUTERTE Highly criticized for his alleged support of vigilante
2016 – present groups involved in extra-judicial killings brought
about by his War on Drugs, as well as his pandemic
President Aquino III promised to transform the
government of the country “from one that is self-
response.
serving to one that works for the welfare of the
nation.”
 “Filipinos don’t realize that victory is the child of
struggle, that joy blossoms from suffering, and
redemption is a product of sacrifice.”

Jose Rizal (15 December, 1890). Como se

gobiernan las Filipinas. La Solidaridad.

Hope you LEARNED SOMETHING

FROM OUR REPORT!
Group 1 (12 – Confucius [HUMSS])