WARM AND

HUMID
CLIMATE
SUBMITTED BY –
M I S H U L G U P TA
75186008
INTRODUCTION
• WARM- HUMID CLIMATE ARE FOUND IN A BELT NEAR THE
EQUATOR EXTENDING TO ABOUT 150* NORTH AND SOUTH.
• THERE IS VERY LESS SEASONAL VARIATION THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR.
• AIR TEMPERATURE REACHES MEAN MAXIMUM DURING THE DAY
OF BETWEEN 27* AND 32*C.
• AT NIGHT THE MEAN MINIMUM VARIES BETWEEN 21* AND 27*C.
WARM & HUMID
(ZONES IN INDIA)

• KERALA
• TAMIL NADU
• KARNATAKA
• GOA
• ANDHRA PRADESH
• GUJARAT
• MAHARASHTRA
• ORISSA
• WEST BENGAL
CHARACTERSTICS OF WARM
AND HUMID CLIMATE
• TEMPERATURE
• HUMIDITY
• PRECIPITATION
• SKY CONDITION
• WIND
• SOLAR RADIATION
• VEGETATION
TEMPERATURE
• Summer Midday = 30-35*C Night = 25-30*C
• Winter Midday = 25-30*C Night = 20-25*C
HUMIDITY
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY REMAIN HIGH, 75% FOR MOST OF THE TIME, BUT VARY
FROM 55% TO ALMOST 100%.
PRECIPITATION
• HIGH PRECIPITATION THROUGHOUT THE YEAR(RAINFALL).
• GENERALLY BECOMES MORE INTENSE FOR SEVERAL CONSECUTIVE MONTH.
• ANNUAL RAINFALL- 1200 MM.
• OCCURANCE OF GUSTY WINDS AND ELECTRIC STORMS.
SKY CONDITION
• ARE FAIRLY CLOUDY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
• CLOUD COVER- 60 TO 90%.
WINDS
• WIND VELOCITY IS LOW, CALM AND PERIODIC BUT MAY BE STRONG DURING
RAIN SQUALLS.
SOLAR RADIATION
• THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH DURING SUMMERS AND
MODERATE DURING WINTERS.
• USUALLY DEFUSED RADIATION DUE TO CLOUD COVER OR VAPORS IN AIR.
INTENSE RADIATION ON CLEAR DAY.
LANDSCAPE AND
VEGETATION
• GROWS QUICKLY DUE TO FREQUENT RAINS & HIGH TEMPERATURE.
• DIFFICULT TO CONTROL.
• HIGH HUMIDITY ACCELARATES MOULD AND ALGAE GROWTH, RUSTING AND
ROTTING.
MAIN POINT TO CONSIDER
• PROVIDE MAXIMUM VENTILATION, AIR MOVEMENT,
LARGE OPENING.
• PROVIDE MAX. SHADING DEVICES AND DIFFUSE
SOLAR RADIATION.
• AVOID HEAT STORAGE.
• USE REFLECTIVE OUTER SURFACE.
• USE VENTILATION DOUBLE ROOF.
• USE VEGETATION TO MODERATE THE SOLAR IMPACT.
• PROVIDE SMALL INLET AND LARGE OUTLET.
• PROVIDE CROSS VENTILATION.
• PROTECTED FROM DAMPNESS.
SETTLEMENT PLANNING IN WARM
AND HUMID CLIMATE
ORIENTAION OF BLOCK
• SETTELMENT SHOULD BE PLACED PREFERABLY NORTH OR SOUTH SLOPES.
SITE
LANDFORM
• FOR FLAT SITES, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR LANDFORM IS IMMATERIAL.
• IN CASE OF SLOPES AND DEPRESSIONS, THE BUILDING SHOULD BE LOCATED
ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OR CREST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF COOL BREEZE.
WATER BODIES
• Water bodies are not essential as they would tend to
further increase in humidity.

STREET WIDTH AND

ORIENTATION
• THE WIDTH OF THE STREET SHOULD BE SUCH
THAT THE INTENSE SOLAR RADIATION DURING
LATE MORNING AND EARLY NOON IS AVOIDED
DURING THE SUMMER.
• MAJOR STREET SHOULD BE ORIENTED
PARALLEL TO OR WITHIN 30 DEGREE OF THE
PREVALLING WIND DIRECTION DURING
SUMMER MONTHS TO ENCOURAGE
VENTILATION IN WARM AND HUMID REGIONS.
OPEN SPACE AND BUILT FORM
• BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SPREAD OUT WITH LARGE OPEN SPACES IN BETWEEN
FOR UNRESTRICTED AIR MOVEMENT.
• IN CITIES BUILDINGS ON STILTS CAN PROMOTE VENTILATION AND CAUSE
COOLING AT THE GROUND LEVEL.
FORM AND BUILDING PLANNING
• TO PROVIDE SHELTER FROM RAIN AND HEAT, THE FORM OF THE BUILDING
SHOULD BE PLANNED TO PROMOTE AIR FLOW.
RICH VEGETATION
CROSS VENTILATION
STACK VENTILATION
COURTYARD
• CLIMATE BENEFITS OF COURTYARDS. ... IN HOT CLIMATES, THEY PROVIDE SHADING.
• IN HUMID CLIMATES, THE STACK EFFECT ENHANCES VENTILATION. 
• MEASUREMENTS HAVE SHOWN THAT VEGETATION IN A COURTYARD CAN REDUCE
THE TEMPERATURE BY MORE THAN 4 DEGREES CELSIUS.
• WATER POOLS KEEP DOWN THE TEMPERATURE AS WELL, WITH THE ADDED BENEFIT
THAT THEY RE-RADIATE THE HEAT DURING THE EVENING AND NIGHT.
• THAT WAY, COURTYARDS REDUCE THE ENERGY NEED FOR COOLING IN SUMMER.
MATERIALS
• MATERIALS WITH HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY SUCH AS BRICKS AND CONCRETE
ARE OF LITTLE BENEFIT, A LIGHTER HOUSE CONSTRUCTION (TIMBER , FIBRO)
WILL COOL QUICKLY AT NIGHT.
• THE MOST COMMON MATERIALS USED FOR BUILDING WALLS IN THE WARM-
HUMID REGIONS ARE STONES, AND EARTH-BASED BRICKS. SAND-CEMENT
BLOCKS ARE EXTENSIVELY USED IN THE WARM-HUMID REGIONS IN GHANA
BECAUSE THEY APPEARED FAIRLY CHEAP AND SATISFACTORY TO USE
AS BUILDING MATERIAL.
• BOUNDARY FENCES SHOULD NOT BLOCK AIRFLOW.
• MAKE SURE TO BLOCK THE SUMMER BREEZES.
• SPACING OF BUILDINGS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED TO AVOID
OBSTRUTION OF WIND.
CASE STUDY
• KERALA
• INDONESIA
KERALA
ROOFING SYSTEM
• THE RIDGED ROOF PITCHED AT ANGLES BETWEEN 30DEGREE TO 40DEGREE
FLOORING SYSTEM
• THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF FLOORING WAS THAT OF BEATEN EARTH
POLISHED WITH COW DUNG AT REGULAR INTERVALS.
• BLACK COLORED TRADITIONAL FLOORING USED IN THE MORE EXPENSIVE
BUILDINGS WAS DONE WITH THE MIXTURE OF LIME, SAND, COCONUT SHELL,
WHITE OF EGG, JAGGERY, COCONUT WATER AND OTHER VEGETABLE
EXTRACTS.
BUILDING MATERIALS
• THE AVAILABILITY OF GRANITE -A STRONG
AND DURABLE BUILDING STONE IS
RESTRICTED MAINLY TO THE HIGHLANDS
AND MARGINALLY TO SOME HILLY ZONES.
• LIME MORTAR CAN BE IMPROVED IN
STRENGTH AND PERFORMANCE BY
ADMIXTURES OF VEGETABLE JUICES.
• TIMBER REMAINS THE PRIME
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL ABUNDANTLY
AVAILABLE IN KERALA, IN MANY
VARIETIES - FROM BAMBOO TO TEAK AND
ROSEWOOD. THE SKILFUL CHOICE OF
TIMBER, ARTFUL ASSEMBLY AND
DELICATE CARVING OF WOOD WORK FOR
COLUMNS, WALLS AND ROOFS FRAMES
ARE THE UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF
KERALA ARCHITECTURE, USING
ACCURATE FIT OF JOINTS.
• CLAY WAS USED IN MANY FORMS - FOR WALLING, IN FILLING THE TIMBER
FLOORS AND MAKING BRICKS AND TILES AFTER FIRING IN KILNS, TEMPERED
WITH ADMIXTURES.
• PALM LEAVES ARE STILL USED EFFECTIVELY FOR THATCHING THE ROOFS AND
FOR MAKING PARTITION WALLS AND ALONG WITH MUD.
RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE
• A HOUSE IN KERALA IS GENERALLY CALLED VEEDU. THE VEEDU GIVES
SHELTER TO JOINT-FAMILY.
• THE TRADITION OF LIVING IN A HUGE SHELTER OR MANSION (VEEDU--OBJECT
OF HOUSE).
• THE TERM IS DRAVIDIAN AND IS USED IN SOME PARTS OF TAMIL NADU AND
NORTH SRILANKA FOR ALL TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE, BUT
GENERALLY THE PEOPLE OF KERALA WILL REFER TO THEIR VEEDU AS
THARAVAD.
• THE EKASALA OF
NORTH KERALA.
MOSTLY THEY ARE
SHINGLE HIPPED
ROOF HOUSES.

• THE EKASALA OF
SOUTH KERALA.
MOSTLY THEY ARE
SHINGLE BENT ROOF
HOUSES.
• THE KUTTIKETTU OR EKASALA WITH COURTYARD
EXTENSION.
THE NAMBUDIRI ILLAM
• THEY ARE CONCENTRATED PRIMARILY IN TRICHUR, PALGHAT DISTRICTS IN SOUTH
MALABAR,.
• AS SMALL CLUSTERS IN KOTTAYAM, CANNANORE AND SOME PARTS OF NORTH
MALABAR.
• THERE ARE FOUR WINGS NORTHERN, SOUTHERN, EASTERN AND WESTERN.
• THE BUILT STRUCTURES WERE ON THE SOUTHERN AND THE WESTERN WINGS.
• THE GRANARY ON THE SOUTH HAS SOLID WALLS OF LATERITE OR WOOD.
• THE WESTERN BLOCK IS GENERALLY RAISED, OPEN HALL WITH COLUMNS WHICH
SUPPORT THE FLOOR ABOVE. IT IS HERE THAT THE OFFICIAL CEREMONIES TAKE PLACE
AND THE MEN ALSO LEARN OR SLEEP
• THE CORNER ROOM AT THE NORTH WEST IS USED FOR STORAGE OR FOR SLEEPING.
• THE KITCHEN WITH ITS ADJACENT WELL IS ALWAYS WITHOUT EXCEPTION PLACED IN
THE NORTHEAST CORNER. SINCE THE WIND COMES FROM THE SOUTHWEST IN KERALA
IT IS THE MOST LOGICAL POSITION TO ENSURE THE SMOKE ESCAPES THE BUILDING
DIRECTLY.
• THE PUJA ROOM IS LOCATED ON THE NORTH OR IN THE EAST NEXT TO THE KITCHEN.
INDONESIA
• The Architecture of Indonesia reflects the diversity of cultural, historical and geographic
influences that have shaped Indonesia as a whole.
• Invaders, colonizers, missionaries, merchants and traders brought cultural changes that had a
profound effect on building styles and techniques.
MATERIAL
• BRICK
• COCONUT TRUNK
• TIMBER
• SUGAR PLAM LEAVE
• BAMBOO
• GRASS
• COCONUT FIBER
CHARACTERISTICS
• TIMBER CONSTRUCTION.
• VARIED AND ELABORATE ROOF.
• LONGHOUSES ON STILTS .
• STEEP SLOPING ROOFS AND HEAVY.
• BUILT ON STILTS EXCEPT FOR .
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• POST, BEAM AND LINTEL STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WITH EITHER WOODEN OR
BAMBOO WALLS THAT ARE NON-LOAD BEARING
• RATHER THAN NAILS, MORTIS AND TENON JOINTS AND WOODEN PEGS ARE
USED.
PALACE ARCHITECTURE
CHARACTERISTICS:
• LARGE PENDOPOS (PAVILION) OF THE JOGLO ROOF FORM.
• WITH TUMPANG SARI ORNAMENTATION THAT ARE ELABORATE BUT BASED ON
COMMON JAVANESE FORMS.
THANK YOU