APA Ci t a ti on

• I n - t e x t C i t a ti o n
• Reference Page
• Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Why do you need to cite?
1. It gives proper credit to the authors of the words or ideas that you
incorporated into your paper.
2. It allows those who are reading your work to locate your sources, in order
to learn more about the ideas that you include in your paper.
3. Citing your sources consistently and accurately helps you avoid committing
plagiarism in your writing.
What is an In-Text Citation?
• When referring to information from a source in your own text, per APA
guidelines, you will include the author, the year of publication, and
sometimes the page number of the source.
• This list of information is called an in-text citation. Any time you use
information that is not originally your own, you will want to include an in-
text citation.
 Format of In-Text Citations
• Standard Format
(Author’s Last Name, Year of Pub.)
Example
(Johnson, 2013)

Author’s Last Name Date

This format has variations depending on the

circumstance but generally they follow the same format.
 Format of In-Text Citations
According to Number of Authors

• For one author (A,Y)

Example: (Cawthon, 2015)

• For two authors (A&A,Y)

Example: (Cawthon & Breed-Wrisley, 2015)

• For 3 to 5 Authors (A,A,&A,Y) or (A,et.al.,Y)

Example: (Cawthon, Breed-Wrisley & Patrick, 2015)

• For 6 and up (A et.al., Y)

Example: (Cawthon et.al., 2015)
 Format of In-Text Citations
According to Other Factors

• Organization as Author(O,Y)
Example: (Microsoft, 2015)

• Quotations (A,Y, P #)
Example: (Swan, 2014, p. 5)

• Multiple Sources (A,Y; A,Y; A,Y)

Example: (Docker&Vagrant, 2002; Porter, 1997)

• Narrative Citation
Example:
According to Cawthon (2015)…
Reference Page
• The APA reference page is a separate page at the end of your paper where all
sources you cited in the main text are listed.
• The references are sorted alphabetically, double spaced, and formatted
using a hanging indent of ½ inch.
• Use “References” as page heading and include a running head with your
paper title and page number
Sample of Reference Page
 Formats for the Various sources
• Book
Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book title. Additional Information. City of publication:
Publishing company.

Example
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing wildlife of North America. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.

Cawthon, S., & Breed –Wrisley, K. (2015, September 27). Five Nights at Freddy’s The Silver Eyes. New York:
Scholastic.
 Formats for the Various sources
• Edited Book
Author's last name, first initial. (Ed(s).).(Publication date). Book title. City of publication:
Publishing company.

Example
Williams, S.T. (Ed.). (2015). Referencing: A guide to citation rules (3rd ed.). New York,
NY: My Publisher
 Formats for the Various sources
• Edited Book w/chapter
Chapter Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date).Chapter Title. In editor’s
initial(s), surname(Ed.). Book title (ed., pp. chapter page range). City of publication:
Publishing company.

Example
Troy, B.N. (2015). APA citation rules. In S.T, Williams (Ed.). A guide to citation
rules (2nd ed., pp. 50-95). New York, NY: Publishers.
 Formats for the Various sources
• Journal Article
Author, A., Author, B., & Author, C. (YEAR). Article title in standard font. Publication Title in Italics,
Volume#(Issue#), Page-Page.
Example
Webster, M. A. (2008). Restoring self-compassion: A case study. The Australian Journal of Counselling
Psychology, 9(1), 17–27.

• Websites
Author’s Last name, First Initial. (Date of Publication). Article Title. Retried on (Date of Retrieval). Retrieved from
(URL)
Example
Smith, T., & Williams, B. M. (2019, March 21). How to structure a dissertation. Retrieved on 2010, May
22. Retrieved from https://www.scribbr.com /category/dissertation/
 Formats for the Various sources
• Websites(No Author)
Article Title. (Year, month day).Retried on (Date of Retrieval). Retrieved from (URL)
Example
Australia fires: ‘Catastrophic’ alerts in South Australia and Victoria. (2019, November 11). Retrieved
from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-50483410

• Websites (No Date)

Author or Organization Name. (n.d.). Article Title. Retrieved month day, year, from URL
Example
University of Amsterdam. (n.d.).  About the UvA. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from
https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html
 Summarizing & Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing
- It is reading over a text and
interpreting it in one’s own words
without changing the meaning of the
original text. This excludes copying of
text in any form. It is like grabbing the
idea about a topic from another
writer’s work then transforming it
into your own method of thoughts
and words. 
• Summarizing
- It is the tool in writing which is
used when you need the main idea of
the text. It is a condensed form of the
written text in your own words with
only the highlights of the text. A
summary is much shorter than the
original text. It excludes the
explanation of the text. 
Tips on Paraphrasing
1. Read and Make Notes
2. Find Different Terms
3. Put the Text into Your Own Words
4. Check Your Work
Tips on Summarizing
1. Get a General Idea of the Original
2. Check Your Understanding
3. Make Notes
4. Write Your Summary
5. Check Your Work
Mi s pl ac e d and Dang li ng
Modi f ie r s
 Misplaced Modifiers
• A misplaced modifier is a modifier that is placed too far from the word or words
it modifies.

• Misplaced modifiers make the sentence awkward and sometimes

unintentionally humorous.

Examples
• She wore a bicycle helmet on her head that was too large.
• Correct: She wore a bicycle helmet that was too large on her head.

• The patient was referred to the physician with stomach pains.

• Correct: The patient with stomach pains was referred to the physician.
 Dangling Modifiers
• A dangling modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that describes something that
has been left out of the sentence. When there is nothing that the word,
phrase, or clause can modify, the modifier is said to dangle.

Examples
• To win the spelling bee, Luis and Gerard should join our team.
• Correct: If we want to win the spelling bee this year, Luis and Gerard should
join our team.

• While driving to the veterinarian’s office, the dog nervously whined.

• Correct: While I was driving to the veterinarian’s office, the dog nervously
whined.