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Communication: The Basics: Dr. Jeson A. Bustamante Department of Languages and Literature College of Arts and Sciences
Communication: The Basics: Dr. Jeson A. Bustamante Department of Languages and Literature College of Arts and Sciences
Communication: The Basics: Dr. Jeson A. Bustamante Department of Languages and Literature College of Arts and Sciences
THE BASICS
Dr. Jeson A. Bustamante
Department of Languages and Literature
College of Arts and Sciences
COMMUNICATION
• People
• Message
• Channel
• Feedback
• Code
• Encoding and Decoding
• Context
• Barrier
FUNCTION
• Control
• Social Interaction
• Motivation
• Emotional Expression
• Information Dissemination
BARRIERS
• Emotional Barriers
• Use of Jargon
• Lack of Confidence
• Noisy Environment
MODELS
Sender (Information source) – Sender is the person who makes the message, chooses
the channel and sends the message.
Encoder (Transmitter) –Encoder is the sender who uses machine, which converts
message into signals or binary data. It might also directly refer to the machine.
Channel –Channel is the medium used to send message.Decoder (Receiver) – Decoder
is the machine used to convert signals or binary data into message or the
receiver who translates the message from signals.
Receiver (Destination) –Receiver is the person who gets the message or the place
where the message must reach. The receiver provides feedback according to the
message.
Noise –Noise is the physical disturbances like environment, people, etc. which does not
let the message get to the receiver as what is sent.
SCHRAMM MODEL
• It is the most commonly taught and widely used theory of
communication proposed by
Wilbur Schramm in the late 1940s.
• Views communication as a process that takes place between a
sender (transmitter) and a receiver.
Sender – this is the person who encodes (converts) and sends the
message.
Message – this is the content being share between parties.
Receiver – this is the person who decodes (interprets) the
message.
Semantic barriers – The background, beliefs, experiences, and
values that influence how the sender conveys a message, and how
the receiver interprets it.
TRANSACTION MODEL
• is the exchange of messages between sender and receiver
where each take turns to send or receive messages.
• Both sender and receiver are known as communicators and
their role reverses each time in the communication process
as both processes of sending and receiving occurs at the
same time.
• The model is mostly used for interpersonal communication
and is also called circular model of communication.
WHITE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Eugene White gave his communication students a sequence of events that takes place in
communication. These eight stages of oral communication are the following:
• Thinking – a desire, feeling, or an emotion provides a speaker a stimulus to communicate a need
• Symbolizing – before he can utter sounds, a speaker has to know the code of oral language with
which to represent his ideas and in order to make his selection
• Expressing – the speaker then uses his vocal mechanism to produce the sounds of language
accompanied by facial expressions, gestures, and body stance
• Transmitting – waves of sound spreading at 1,000 feet per second and waves of light travelling at
a speed of 186,000 miles per second carry the speaker’s message to the listeners
• Receiving – sound waves impinge upon the listener’s ears after which the resulting nerve
impulses reach the brain via the auditory nerve; light wave strikes the listener’s eyes after
which the resulting nerve impulses reach the brain via the optic nerve
• Decoding – the listener interprets the language symbols he receives and thinks further
• Feedbacking – the listener may manifest overt behavior like a nod, smile, or yawn or he may not
show any behavior at all (covert behavior like fast heartbeat, a poker face, etc.)
• Monitoring – while the speaker watches for signs of reception or understanding of his message
among his listeners, he is also attuned to what’s going on inside him; the speaker is
receiving, and decoding messages about himself from his audience in order to adjust to the
particular situation
HELICAL MODEL
• The helical model has basic elements that are similar to the other communication
models. However, unlike those models, it promotes an upward and forward
movement. It shows that knowledge increases as the interaction goes on.
• When a child learns a new word, he or she learns how to pronounce it and what it
means. Later on, he or she may use it in conversations. As he or she grows up, he
or she learns that the word has several meanings and that it can be used in different
contexts. His or her experience shows that communication not only evolves but also
is dependent on the past.
• Helix is compared with evolution of communication of a human since birth to
existence or existing moment. Helical model of communication introduces the
concept of time where continuousness of the communication process and relational
interactions are very important. Communication is taken as a dynamic process in
helical model of communication and it progresses with age as our experience and
vocabulary increases.
• At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication
progresses. The same effect can be seen with communication of humans, where you
know nothing about a person at first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know
the person better. It considers all the activities of the person, from the past and
present.
ACTIVITY 1 (INDIVIDUAL)
• Communication is transactional.
• Communication is inevitable
• Communication is goal-oriented.
• Communication has various levels.
• Communication is complex.
• Communication can be learned.
• Communication is relational.
• Communication is guided by culture.
GUIDELINES FOR BECOMING AN ETHICAL
COMMUNICATOR
• Honest
-being truthful in communicating your thoughts, ideas and
feelings
-good communicators never lie or deceive other people
-to fully realize the end purpose of communication, thoughts,
ideas and feelings should be expressed with best intentions.