Electrochemistry

ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN COMPOUNDS AND COMPOUNDS

IN SOLUTION
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Batteries and electric current

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Conductors and Insulators

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Testing substances to see if they conduct

You can test to see if a substance conducts, by connecting it into to a circuit.
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Results
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The principles of Electrolysis

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Electrolysis of molten lead bromide

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
app=desktop&v=7uIIq_Ofzgw&feature=youtu.be ­Example: What is the charge on the bromide ion?

Video Recap on electrolysis _____________________________________________________

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Electrolysis of molten PbBr

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The reactions at the electrodes

What happens to ions in the molten PbBr? In molten PbBr the ions are free to move…
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Electrolysis of molten lead bromide

Pb2+  +  2e-       Pb (lead metal at the (-)cathode).
2Br-  -  2e-        Br2 (bromine gas at the (+)anode).

Lead ions gain electrons (reduction) to form lead atoms.

Bromide ions lose electrons (oxidation) to form bromine atoms.

The bromine atoms combine to form molecules of bromine gas.

The overall reaction is:
PbBr2(l)           Pb(s)  +   Br2(g)
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Practicing half equations:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xuNffjUrJU
Write the half equation to show the reaction at the cathode during the electrolysis of:
    a) Copper Chloride
    b) Lead Bromide (lead has a valency of +2)
    c) Sodium Chloride
    d) Aluminum Bromide

Write the half equation to show the reaction at the anode during the electrolysis of:
    a) Copper Chloride
    b) Lead Bromide
    c) Sodium Oxide
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Practice I

5: B
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The electrolysis of aqueous solutions

(aq)
Electrolysis can also be carried out on solutions of ionic compounds in water, because the ions in
solutions are free to move. However the results are different to what you get from electrolysis
of molten compounds.
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The rules for electrolysis of a solution

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Electrolysis of aqueous solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mL7mkqyLpSo
KEY POINTS
Rule 1
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Rule 2:
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Further Notes:
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Complete the table below for the

following aqueous solutions
Solution Product at cathode Product at anode

Potassium iodide

Copper bromide

Calcium oxide

Silver iodide

Lead iodide
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For a concentrated solution of NaCl(l)

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For a dilute solution of NaCl(aq)

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Writing half equations for electrode

reactions
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Practice II

2. C
3.B
4. C
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Practice III

D
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MS
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Practice IV
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MS
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Practice III: Apply your knowledge to an exam questions

Answer
and self
assess

 8 mins

Stretch opportunity
Find the use of electrolysis in industry
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Using this flowchart can you draw the electrolysis

experiment for collecting the products of concentrated HCl
acid.
Label each part of the diagram.

How will you collect the products so you can

test to see what is made?

Give the half equations for each electrode

Concentrated means in
an acid solution there is a
higher number of
hydrogen ions present
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Challenge: see how the

Hofmann Experiment works
and draw the set up

Using the video draw the electrolysis experiment for collecting

the products from dilute sulfuric acid/water
https://youtu.be/AvYm1GVZE38
Label each part of the diagram.

How will you collect the products so you

can test to see what is made?

Give the half equations for each

electrode

Diluted means in
an acid solution there is a
lower number of hydrogen
ions present and more
water

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Electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid/ water

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Notes

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Possible diagram

Cathode: 2H+(aq) + 2e–  H2(g)

Anode: 4OH–(aq) – 4e– 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

Overall: 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 

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The electrolysis of Brine

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The electrolysis
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Electrolysis of
brine
Cathode (-)
2H+(aq) + 2e- H2(g)
SODIUM IS NOT FORMED If the metal ion is ABOVE hydrogen
in the reactivity series then
HYDROGEN gas is ALWAYS given off
at the cathode

The sodium ion is more stable than the hydrogen ion in water If the metal ion is BELOW hydrogen
in the reactivity series then that
H2O H+ + OH- METAL will be collected at the
cathode
Anode (+)
2Cl-(aq) – 2e- Cl2(g)

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Uses
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Some more uses of electrolysis

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Plenary: Apply your knowledge Plenary 8 mins

Q1. The electrolysis of sodium chloride solution produces useful substances.

(a) (i) Choose a word from the box to complete the sentence.

covalent ionic non-metallic

Electrolysis takes place when electricity passes through .................................. compounds when they
are molten or in solution.
Answer
(1)
and self
(ii) Choose a word from the box to complete the sentence. assess


alkenes elements salts
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During electrolysis the compound is broken down to form...............................
(1)
mins
(b) The table of ions on the Data Sheet may help you to answer this question.
The diagram shows an apparatus used for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution.

Identify the products A, B and C on the diagram using substances from the box.
chlorine gas hydrogen gas oxygen gas
sodium hydroxide solution sodium metal

Stretch opportunity
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 LO: evaluate the usefulness of the Hofmann voltmeter in the electrolysis of aqueous solutions
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Electroplating
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Meta-Before a Task - Is

this similar to a previous
task? What do I want to
achieve? What should I do
first?
During The Task - Am I on
the right track? What can I
do differently? Who can I ask
for help?
After a Task - What worked
well? What could I have
done better? Can I apply this
to other situations?
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Answers
1. Conducting rods one is
connected to the positive and
another the negative terminal
of a power supply.
4. A substance made up of ions
that can be broken down into
simpler substances
7. Zinc ions gain 2 electrons
and form zinc atoms.
10. Use damp blue litmus
paper turns red then bleaches
white
2. Solid lead bromide does
3. Oxidation is loss of electron
not conduct electricity so we
reduction is gain of electrons
melt it first to make it
molten.  
5. Inert substances such as 6. When oxidation d reduction
graphite or platinum and
some metals that are good happens at the same time
conductors  
8. Brown bromine gas is 9. 2H+(aq) + 2e–  H2(g) 
made
2Cl–(aq) – 2e–  Cl2(g)
Yellow /Green chlorine gas
11. 12.
Positive is Anode and
Pb2+  +  2e-        Pb 
Negative Is Cathode (PANIC)
2Br-  -  2e-        Br2
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Metacognitive
Questions:
• Before a Task
- What should I do
first?
• During The Task
- Am I on the right
track?  Who can I
ask for help?
• After a Task - What
worked
well? What could I
have done better?

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Answers
1. The ions cannot move 2. Hydrogen, chlorine and 3. The ions dissolve in the
Sodium hydroxide  water and can now move
 
4. Oxidation 5. Reduction 6. Mg2+  +  2e-      Mg 
2Cl-  -  2e-       Cl2

7. Sodium is more reactive 8. H2 - Light splint- 9. 2H+(aq) + 2e-  H2(g)

than hydrogen. squeaky pop 2Cl-(aq) – 2e- Cl2(g)
• O2 Glowing splint-
relights
10. Melting it and turning it 11. Water molecules on 12. 2H+(aq) + 2e–  H2(g)
to a liquid their own have no charge. 4OH–(aq) – 4e– 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
Overall 2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) 

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